CHAPTER I

 

GENERAL

 

(a)   Introductory

   

(i)                               Origin of the Name of The District.- The district derives its name from the headquarters town Nawashahr. The  name of the town i.e. Nawashahr is the combination of two vernacular words, Nawa (means new) and shehar (means town). It is said to avoid the ravages of Satluj River, the people shifted from the old historic town Rahon and settled at this new place giving it the name Nawashahr (new town). According to another version the town was founded on the bank of a lake by an Afghan Faujdar (army commander) Nau-Sher-Khan, during the regime of, Ala-u-din-khilji (1295-1316 AD). At that time it was known as ‘Nausher’ and Nawashahr is believed to be the corruption of the word Nausher. According to one legend, the location of the town being low-lying area (side of the lake) was known as Nevashehar (neva means low lying area shehar means town). With the passage of time it becomes Nawashahr from Nevashehar.

 

(ii)               Location, General Boundries, Total Area and Population of the District.- Nawashahr is one of the six districts of Jalandhar Division. It lies between 310-05'  and 310-15'   north latitude and 750-45'   and 760-30'   east longitude. It is surrounded by Jalandhar District on the west, Ludhiana  District on the south, Rupnagar District on the south and east, Hoshiarpur District on the north and  the  Kapurthala District  on the north western side. The River Satluj forms its southern boundary.

            Nawashahr, the headquarters of the district administration falls on the Jalandhar city- Jaijon Doaba line of the Northern Railway. It is a railway station and 58 Km from Jalandhar city. It is directly connected by road with Chandigarh ( 98 Km), Phillaur ( 45 Km) and Phagwara (37 Km).

            The geographical area of Nawashahr District as per 2001 Census is 1267* Sq.Km. In terms of area, the district ranks 16th in the State. Only Fatehgarh Sahib District is smaller to it. The tahsil-wise area of the district in 2000-2001 was as under :

 

 

 

* A slight difference in the area of the district is due to two different sources

           

 

 

Tahsil

Area (Sq.Kms.)

Nawashahr

767.07

 

Balachaur

494.51

 

Nawashahr District

            1261.58

 

                        (Source: Deputy Commissioner, Nawashahr)

           

            According to  the 2001 Census, the population of the Nawashahr District was 5,87,468 persons (5,06,402 rural and 81,066 urban) comprising 3,06,902 males and 2,80,566 females. Nawashahr is the least urbanised district of the State as only 13.80 per cent of its population is living in towns.

 

(iii)                 History of the District as an Administrative Unit and the Changes in its Component Parts .- The Nawashahr District with headquarters at Nawashahr was created on 7 November 1995 by including Nawashahr Tahsil/Subdivision from  Jalandhar district and  Balachaur Tahsil/Subdivision from Hoshiarpur District. It has now two tahsils Nawashahr  and Balachaur. Besides there is one sub-tahsil viz. Banga (formed on 28 December 1979) in tahsil Nawashahr. 

 

            (iv) Subdivisions, Tahsils and Thanas .- According to 2001 Census, the Nawashahr District comprised of 469 villages (462 inhabited and 7 uninhabited) spread over two subdivisions/tahsils viz. Nawashahr and Balachaur. There were 4 towns viz. Nawashahr, Balachaur, Banga and Rahon in the district. The tahsil-wise list of police stations and police posts in the district is given in chapter XII ‘ Law and Order and Justice’.

 

(b)   Topography*

 

          The present topography of any area is the result of operation of geomorphic agents over the geological structure provided by endogenetic processes. Viewed in this perspective, the surface of Nawashahr District is part of Indo-Gangetic plain, which was formed by deposition of alluvium brought by rivers originating in Himalayas in the trough produced by collision of Indian plate with Eurashian plate. This deposition has been taking place in recent geological past. Thus, we find that topography of  Nawashahr  District  has  been  mainly  shaped  and reshaped by fluvial activity in recent geological period.

 

 

* Material supplied by S. Avtar Singh Matharoo, Lecturer, Department of  Geography,     Punjabi    University, Patiala

           

            Macroscopically, it is part of Punjab plain and seems to be featureless but on a microscopic perspective it has variations in morphology of the land surface. Its elevation ranges from lowest of 245 metres to above 320 metres in Balachaur Tahsil. The general slope of the ground is from northeast to southwest.

   

        Land-Form Regions.- Topographically and geomorphologically district can be divided into three micro-regions.

 

(i) Flood Plain of Satluj.- The southern boundary of the district is made by the river Satluj. Naturally, the narrow belt along river Satluj is its flood plain. In local terminology, the flood plain is known as Bet and its width in Nawashahr District is about 6 Kms, however in the adjoining Phillaur Tahsil of Jalandhar District, it is only about 2 Kms. This variation in width of the plain is determined by amount of shift experienced by river Satluj. Until recently the flood plain has been characterised by  marshes and swamps created by torrents coming from upland plain. But flood control measures taken due to construction of  Bhakra Dam and construction of canals has reduced the frequency of floods and has changed the density of flood plain.

 

(ii) Cho-Infested Plain.- The cho-infested plain is also known as Kandi. The Balachaur Tahsil of Nawashahr District falls in this zone. Elevations rise above 300 metres in this zone. In many areas like one near Mansewal, Thopia, Rattewal, of Balachaur Tahsil, land becomes rolling. The chos have badly affected the area and thus rendered the area uneven, sandy and less fertile. The surface is composed of sand, pebbles or clay. The chos originate from Shivalik Hills above. Most of them came into existence due to deforestation  in Shivaliks in 19th  century. The cho-infested plain is a part of continuous belt running parallel to Shivalik range in Punjab. The chos became hindrance in road building activity. Due to loss of fertile farm land, the areas stands as a backward area. Now the chos are being tamed and bridges  being built across them.

 

          (iii) Upland Plain.- Leaving a narrow belt along Satluj River and cho-infested plain in Balachaur Tahsil rest of plain is called upland plain. This plain is lower in elevation than dissected plain of Balachaur but it is higher in elevation than flood plain. In local terminology it is called Dhaia. The surface of upland plain is characterised by presence of loamy soil. This old alluvial plain was formed during recent geological past.

 

(c) River System and Water Resources

 

Main River and Tributaries and Canals

 

         (i) Main Rivers and Tributaries.- Nawashahr District falls in the basin of Satluj River which makes the southern boundary of the district. Satluj River does not directly drain the district but indirectly receives waters draining through Nawashahr District. River has been very notorious, for changing its course, overflowing the channels and causing floods. But its domming upstream at Rupnagar and Bhakra and construction of canals have reduced the flooding capacity of river. During winter its water is confined to its channel.

       Eastern Bein or White Bein crosses through the northern part of the district. White Bein is formed by confluence of many chos. It is the southern branch of White Bein which crosses through Nawashahr District flowing from southeast to northwest. It passes northwestward near the town of Nawashahr and then enters into Phagwara Tahsil and joins with the northern branch and later takes southwesterly direction and ultimately joins Satluj 6 Kms. above its confluence with the Beas. This White Bein used to overflow during rainy season.

 

            (ii) Canals.- Bist Doab Canal is a major canal serving the district. It is a post Independence canal that was constructed to provide irrigation to Bist Doab. The canal takes from right bank of Satluj at Rupnagar Headworks and flows through Balachaur Tahsil and then Nawashahr Tahsil. Within the territory of Nawashahr District canal has been bifurcated into two canals namely Nawashahr branch which runs westward and Jalandhar branch which flows northwestward. Bist Doab Canal is a major source of irrigation in Nawashahr District through various distributaries.

            Apart from canal irrigation the well irrigation is also common. However, the traditional wells are replaced by modern wells which operate through diesel engines and electricity. 

 

(d) Geology

Geology and Mineral Resources of Nawashahr District

 

(i) Geological Formation

             

                   The Punjab plains forms north-western part of the vast Indo-

Gangetic Plains, of which Nawashahr District forms a part. The district is located in its north eastern part of Punjab and includes Shivalik Hills on, its eastern fringes. The upper  Shivalik rocks occur along the eastern borders of the district occupying Shivalik Hills. The unconsolidated quaternary sediments mainly of fluvial nature rest disconformably over the Shivalik and are divisible into Piedmont Deposits, Older Alluvium and Newer Alluvium. Details of which are given below:

 

            (a)  The  Upper Shivalik Formation.- Fringing the area to the north-east are the 6-8 Kms wide northwest-southeast trending Shivalik Hills extending for more than 40 Kms comprising the Upper Shivalik Formation. The terrain is extremely rugged, serrated and ravine infested due to continuous erosion of the incompetent, erosion prone nature of rocks of which the hills are composed. It mainly consists of coarse gravel and boulder conglomerate alternating with bands of friable sandstone and partially consolidated sands with bands of clay. The conglomerate occurs as discontinuous patches.

 

            (b) The Piedmont Deposits.- Geologically it is represented by a thick pile of sediments forming a broad piedmont zone of sub-mountain tract fringing the upper Shivalik Hills. The area is mildly undulating and broadly dissected. The slope is towards southwest (1:100). This sub-mountainous tract merges gradually into Alluvial Flat and exact delimitation of this tract in the field is not possible. Satellite imageries help in demarcation of spatial extent of this region. It lies unconformable over the upper Shivalik Formation. The unconformable relation is marked by erosional surface of the sand rock and sandstone of Shivalik Formation. It is a zone of assorted sediments where disappearance of seasonal torrents traversing the southern slope of Shivalik is a common feature.

 

            (c) Older Alluvium.- It is occupied by Alluvial Flat, a featureless terrains and under intense cultivation. It forms a stable land form that undergoes little deposition or erosion. The Older Alluvium occupied mainly the western and central part of the district. Towards the Shivalik Hills the contact between Piedmont Deposits and the Older Alluvium is gradational. The major distinguishing feature between the two is that the Piedmont Deposits mainly of coarser detritus (pebbles, cobbles, etc.), where as Older Alluvium is composed of polycyclic sequence of sand, silt and clay with concutionary nodules. The sands are fine to coarse grained the individual grains are sub-angular to sub- rounded. The associated accessory minerals are muscovite and biotite, clay occurring as interbands varies in colour from whitish grey to yellowish and invariably contains some silt content. Kankar concretions vary in size from 5 mm to 5 cm.

 

(d) Newer Alluvium.- The Newer Alluvium sediments occur along Older and Younger Flood Plains of Satluj River and along White Bein. A one to seven meter high palaeo scrap (bluff)  extending from Urapar in the west to Shivalik Hills in the east demarcates the boundary of Older Flood Plain (3-5 Kms wide) of Satluj River with the Alluvial flat. Along the White Bein the width of Older Flood Plain is limited (500 m). The Newer Alluvium mainly consists of fine to medium grained grey sands with thin interbands of silt and clay.

 

(ii) Mineral Resources

 

The district is more or less devoid of economic minerals. However, sand occurring in the flood plain of Satluj River is quarried to meet the local demand as building material. Quartzite boulders of various colours belonging to the Shivalik Boulder Beds are being used for construction purposes. The white boulders occurring in the Khads emerging from Shivaliks such as Basu Khad can probably be used in glass industry. A glass factory utilising such boulders is already there.

 

(e) Flora

 

Punjab State fells in 4 A-Semi Arid Zone, under Biogeographical Classification of India. The State covers ca 3.7 per cent forest area. Physiographically, it harbours three regions, which are viz., the Mountainous Himalaya, Sub-mountainious Himalaya and the eastern and western Alluvial Plains. The flora of the State in general is not rich due to geographical position, climatic condition and biotic interference. The florest are mainly categorised into three types viz., Tropical Dry Deciduous, Subtropical Dry Evergreen and Tropical Thorn.

 

Nawashahr District of Punjab established in November 1995, comprising an area of ca 1267 Sq. Km. and one of the smallest district among the seventeen districts of the State. The District lies in north-east of the Punjab State adjoining the boundaries of Jalandahr in  the  west, Hoshiarpur in north, Ludhiana in the south and Rupnagar in the south and east. The climate is very hot in summer and moderately cold in winter. Physiographically it lies along the sub-Shivalik strip, which represents a few elements of sub-Himalayan floristic compositions mixed with thorny scrub vegetation.

 

(i) Semi Arid Region.- The major part of the area is occupied by the agricultural land. Scattered patch of vegetation are encountered which represent the admixture of sub-Himalayan floristic elements dominated by the species of semi arid and throny scurb. The flora comprises Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia tomentosa, Bauhinia variegata, Emblica officinalis, Ougenia oojenensis, Cassia fistula, Wood fordia fruticosa, Clerodendrum fruticosum, Butea monosperma, Bombax ceiba, Ziziphus nummularia, Leptadenia Pyrotechnica, etc. Besides characteristic trees of Prosopis cineraria, Balanites aegyptica, Maytenus emarginatus and Acacia nilotica are observed on sand dunes. The herbaceous species occurring in moist conditions are Solanumnigrum, Tribulus terrestris, Achyranthes aspera, Phyllanthus sp Cocculus hirsutus, Coccinea grandis, Asparagus racemosus, Barleria cristata are some perennial climbers and bushes.

            Apart  from  these,  plantation of few species have been done mostly in the strips along roads, railway tracts, canals and also in blocks. There are Acacia catecthu, Acacia nilotica, Dalbergia  sissoo, Eucalyptus sp. and Morus alba.

 

            (ii) Aquatic Plants in Pond and Marshy Area.- During the rains the low lying areas and riverine tracts are subjected to inundation of water. Besides, the thick green carpet of herbaceous vegetation which consists of Trianthema sp.,Cenchrus and Heliotropium sp. number of aquatic plants appear in submerged and free floating condition are seen in water bodies. These are Hydrilla verticellata, Potamogeton indicus, Marsilea minuta, Nymphaea pubescens and Eicchornia crassipes. The species found in marshy and fringe areas are Centella asiatica, Polygonum barbatum, Eclipta prostrata, Phyla nodiflora, Alternanthera sessilis. Apart from this among the grasses and sedges Typha angustata, Vetiveria Zizanoides, Paspalum flavidum, Fimbristylis dichotoma and Saccharum species are commonly seen in marshy area.

 

            (iii) Medicinal Plants.- The flora and vegetation of Nawashahr District harbours several plants. Which are of medicinal and economical value. Many of these plants are being used in home remedies and also in the preparation of ayurvedic formulation for curing the ailments. Some species are occurring as weeds. Few common ones are Solanum surattense, Cassia tora, Aegle marmelos, Adhatoda vasica, Butea monosperma, Bombax ceiba, Terminalia sp, Vetiveria zizanoides, Centella asiatica, Eclipta alba, Achyranthes aspera, Carissa carandas,  Boerhavia diffusa, etc.

 

            (iv) Grasses.- Most of the land is utilized for agricultural purpose. The common species of grasses occurring in grasslands and in agricultural fields are Heteropogon contortus, Bothrichloa intermedia, Cenchrus ciliaris, Imperata cylindrica, Apluda mutica, Arundinella bengalensis, Oplismens burmannii, Eragrostis sp, Panicum sp. Paspalum dilatatum, Poa annua, Setaria glauca, Chloris dolichostachya, etc.

            The flora and vegetation of Nawashahr District do not  represent any rare or threatened species.

 

(f)  Fauna

 

            Wild animals and birds are priceless gifts of nature to mankind. They contribute enormously to our welfare by maintaining the ecological balance of nature. They also help in protecting crops by preying upon insects harmful to crops. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002, have been framed for the protection and preservation of wildlife. Under the Act hunting of wild animals is totally prohibited. Restrictions also exist on illegal trade of wild animals and any product made there from.

            Being a predominantly agricultural and heavily populated area, Nawashahr District does not have much natural vegetation and forested land. The district does not have a wildlife sanctuary or zoo.

            The different types of zoological species found in the district are detailed below:

 

            (i) Pisces (Fish).- The different varieties of fish available in the district are: Labeo rohita (rohu), Catla catla (thiel), Cirrhinus mrigala (mori), Labeo calbesu (kalouch), Tor putitora (mohsir), Heteropneustes fossils (singhi), Wallago attu (mulee), Mystus seenghala (singhara), Notopterus chitola (pari), Channa marulius (saul), etc.

 

            (ii) Amphibians (Frogs and Toads).- Under this category frogs and toads are included. Bull frog (Rana catesbeiana), Skipping frog (Rana verrucosa) and Paddy field frog (Rana tigrina), Marshy toad, Andersons toad (Bufa andersoni) and common Indian toad (Bufa beddomie) are common in the district. The frogs generally inhabits ponds, ditches, roadside pools, nalas, etc., whereas toads mostly  remain under stones, old logs and are active at night.

 

            (iii) Reptiles (Turtles, Lizards and Snakes).- This group is represented by turtles, snakes and lizards. Among them are Indian Mud turtle or Flapshell  (Lissemys puncutata), Chitra Turtle (Chitra indica), Common Indian Krait (Bungarus caeruleus), Indian Cobra (Naja naja), Russell’s Viper (Vipera russelli), Python (Python molurus), Yellow Monitor Lizard (Varanus flavescens), Common Indian Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis), Common Garden Lizards (Calotes versicolor) and Common or Brahminy Skink  (Mabuya carinata) are found in the district.

 

            (iv) Aves (Birds).- The birds found in the district are of two types viz. Resident birds and Migratory Birds (which visit the area in winter) as detailed below:

 

            Resident Birds.- Common crow (Corvus splendens), Common Babbler (Turdoides caudatus), Jungle Babbler (Turdoides striatus), Whitebreasted Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis), Small Blue Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis), Bank Myna (Acridotheres ginginianus), Brahminy Myna (Strunus pagodarum), Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis),Indian Roller or Blue Jay (Coracias benghalensis) Indian Robin (Corvus corax), Tailor Bird (Orthothomous sutorius), Weaver bird (Ploceas phillippinus), Spotted Munia (Lonchura punctulata), Red Munia (Estrilda amandeva), Common Sparrow (Passer demesticus), Hoopoe (Upupa epops), Common Swallow (Hirundo rustica), Black Drongo or King Crow (Dicrurus adsimil), Horned Owl (Bubo bubo), Pariah Kite (Milvus migrana), Shikra (Accipitar badius), Green pigeon (Treron  phoenicoptera), Common Ring Dove (Streptopelia decocto decocto), Spotted Dove (Streptopelia chinesis), Redvented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer), Common Peafowl (Pavo cristatus), Gray Partridge (Francolinus francolinus), Black Partridge (Francolinus francolinus), Common Coot (Fulica atra), Rose Ringed Parakeet (Pasittcula Krameri), Large Indian Parakeet (Pasittcula eupatria), Waterhen (Gallinula chloropus), Crow Pheasant (Centropus sinesis sinesis) and Jungle Bush Quail (Perdicula asiatica).

 

  Migratory Birds.- Brahminy Duck (Tadorna ferruginea), Pintail (Anas acuta), Wigeon (Anas penelope), Gadwall (Anas strepera), Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Common teal (Anas crecca), Common Pochard (Aythya ferina), Gargancy Teal (Anas querquedula), Spotbill Duck (Anas poecilorhyncha), Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger), Large Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbor), Darter (Anhinga rufa), Shoveller (Anas clypeata).

 

            (v) Mammals.- Those found in the Nawashahr District are Sambar (Cervus unicolour), Hog Deer (Axis porcinus), Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus), Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak), Wild Boar (Sus Scrofa), Common Hare (Lepus ruficaudatus), Jackal (Canis aureus), Jungle Cat (Felis chaus), Porcupine (Hystrix indica), Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata), and Common Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi).

 

(g)        Climate

 

(i) Climatic Divisions and Seasons and their Duration

           

            Nawashahr District in Punjab is a submountain district with a hilly terrain in the eastern part. The climate of this district on the whole is somewhat milder than that of the adjoining districts to the south. But in the valleys and in the narrow strip to the south west of the Shivalik range it is more like that of the plains of the Punjab. The winter season is from the middle of November to the early part of March. The succeeding period upto the end of June is the summer season. July, August and the first half of September constitute the south-west monsoon season. The period from mid-September to middle of November may be termed as the post monsoon or transition period.

 

(ii)    Temperature and Humidity

 

            Temperature.- There is no meteorological observatory in the district. The description which follows is mainly based on the records of the Ludhiana observatory in the neighbouring district. Temperatures increase rapidly after February. June is generally the hottest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at about 410c and mean daily minimum temperature at about 270 c. Hot scorching dust laden winds, blow during the summer season and on individual days, the day temperatures may sometimes reach upto 480c. Afternoon thundershowers bring welcome relief from the heat though only temporarily. With the onset of the monsoon by about the end of June or early in July, there is appreciable drop in day temperatures. But the night temperatures in the monsoon season are nearly as high as in the latter part of the summer season. On account of the increased moisture in the monsoon air, the weather becomes quite sultry and uncomfortable even in the monsoon season. After about mid-September when the monsoon withdraws the night temperatures decrease rapidly. But the drop in the day temperature is not so rapid. From about November, however both the day and night temperatures decrease rapidly till January, which is the coldest month. The mean daily maximum temperature in January is about 200 c and the mean daily minimum temperature is about 60c. During the winter season in association with passing western disturbances, cold waves affect the district and the minimum temperature drops down upto about 20 c below the freezing point.

 

Humidity.- During the brief southwest monsoon season and for spells of a day or two, in associaton with the passing of western disturbances, high humidity prevails in the districts. During the rest of the year, the humidity is low. The driest part of the year is the summer season when the relative humidity is 30 per cent or less.

 

(iii) Rainfall

 

            The monthly average rainfall in Nawashahr District during 1996-2000 is given in table I. Records of rainfall in the district are available for one station for 135 years. The details of the rainfall at this station are given in tables II and III. The average annual rainfall in the district is 843.7 mm. About 70 per cent of the annual rainfall is received during the period from July to September. July, being considered the rainiest month. The rainfall amounting to about 15 per cent of the normal is received during the period December to March in association with passing western disturbances.

            The variation in the rainfall from year to year is large. During the 90 years period 1901-1990 the highest annual rainfall amounting to 285 per cent of the normal occurred in 1988 while the lowest annual rainfall which was 37 per cent occurred in 1918. There were 25 occasions when annual rainfall in the district was less than 80 per cent of the normal. It is seen from the table II that the annual rainfall in the district was between 401 and 900 mm in 55 years out of 79 years.

            On an average there are 38 rainy days (i.e. days with rainfall of 2.5mm or more) in a year in the district.

            The heaviest rainfall in 24 hours recorded at any station in the district was 514.0 mm at Nawashahr on 24 September 1988.

 

(iv)                                     Atmospheric Pressure and Winds

 

Cloudiness.- During the southwest monsoon season and for spells of a day or two in association with passing western disturbances the skies are moderately clouded and occasionally overcast. During the rest of the year, the skies are mostly clear or lightly clouded.

 

Winds.- Winds are generally light in the district. In the southwest monsoon season south easterly winds are common, but on many days particularly in the afternoons, north westerly winds also prevail. During the rest of the year, northwesterly winds predominate.

 

Special Weather Phenomena.- During the winter season, western disturbances in association with thunderstorms affect the weather over the district. Thunderstorms occur during the summer season and in the southwest monsoon season also. Dust storms affect the district during the summer season. Fog occurs occasionally during the winter season.


 

TABLE – I

 

Monthly Average Rainfall in Nawashahr   District during the year 1996 to 2000 (in millimetres)

 

Year

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Total

1996

-

-

-

-

-

362.0

448.0

270.2

221.0

58.0

-

-

1359.2

1997

24.0

21.0

15.9

67.1

58.2

159.2

549.3

576.8

123.4

23.7

129.0

180.0

1927.6

1998

-

156.1

39.5

28.0

4.0

242.0

11.0

N.A

123.4

23.7

129.0

180.0

936.7

1999

62.0

7.0

4.4

-

18.0

59.4

366.0

174.6

18.7

-

-

-

705.1

2000

37.0

25.0

24.0

0.8

11.0

118.2

157.0

218.4

70.0

-

-

38.0

699.4

(Statistical Abstracts of Punjab 1997 to 2001)

 

TABLE  II

Normals and Extremes of Rainfall in the Nawashahr  District

Station

No. Of  years of data

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Annual

Annual Rainfall As % of normal & Years **

 

  Highest     Lowest

Heaviest Rainfall in 24 Hours*

 

Amount      Date

(mm)   

 

Nawashahr

89 a

38.7

37.4

32.8

15.2

14.7

63.8

250.6

214.8

127.8

20.8

5.2

21.9

843.7

285                37

514.0          24 Sep

                  1988

     b

2.6

2.6

2.5

1.2

1.4

3.4

9.0

8.2

4.0

0.8

0.5

1.5

37.7

(1988)        (1918)           

(Source: Additional Director General of Meteorology (Research), Pune)

a: Normal  rainfall in mm

b: Average number of rainy days (i.e. days with rainfall of 2.5 mm or more)

* Based on all available data upto 1990

** Years of occurrence given in brackets

 

 

Table III

Frequency of Annual Rainfall in the Nawashahr District

(Date 1901-1990)

Range in mm

No. of Years

Range in mm

No. of years

301-400

1

1101-1200

4

401-500

7

1201-1300

3

501-600

8

1301-1400

2

601-700

11

1401-1500

1

701-800

15

1501-1600

1

801-900

14

1601-1700

0

901-1000

4

1701-1800

0

1001-1100

7

1801-1900

1

(Source: Additional Director General of Meteorology (Research), Pune)

(Data available for 79 years only)

 

 

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