CHAPTER IX
ECONOMIC TRENDS
The economic trends of an area depends upon its natural and financial resources, manpower, employment, standard of life, aptitude of people towards savings as well as extent of savings, besides other infrastructural facilities like banks, communication, transport, marketing, etc. The area falling in the present Nawashahr District in predominantly agriculture based, and large number of people reside in rural areas (86.20 per cent* of the population which is highest in the State). Though the mineral resources and major industries are non existent in the district, several medium and small scale industries are found to be satisfactory. Several products of medium scale industries of this district are well known in the State as well as in the country. The only light commercial vehicle manufacturing unit of the State is located in the district.
(a) Livelihood Pattern, General level of Prices and Wages and Standard of Living
Livelihood
Pattern.- In the first half of the last
century, about 90 per cent of the population, residing in the area now
comprising Nawashahr District were engaged in agriculture and in occupations
auxiliary thereto. There was hardly any change in the livelihood pattern till
the
According to
the 2001 Census, 86.20 per cent population of the district resides in the rural
areas which was much higher than for the States’ percentage i.e. 66.05 per
cent. According to the 2001 Census the total population of the district was
5,87,468 out of which 2,63,698 were main and
marginal workers and
the remaining 3,23,770 were non workers. The percentage of main and
marginal workers to the total population of the district was 44.9 per cent as
against the 37.6 per cent of the State as a whole.
* Director Census Operations,
The main workers, marginal workers
and non workers in rural and urban areas of Nawashahr District as per 2001
Census are shown in the following statement:-
In order to create better living
conditions in the urban as well as in the rural areas, various housing schemes
such as construction of houses for the landless agricultural workers in rural
areas; construction of houses for government employees; low income group
housing scheme; middle income group housing scheme; village housing project
scheme, etc, are being implemented by the Government.
Standard of living of a community is
also judged by the housing pattern. The provision of cheap and decent housing
accommodation is the basic necessity of a human being because it provides
healthy, fit and cheerful atmosphere. Implementation of various housing scheme
has given birth to pucka
dwellings in the urban as well as in the rural areas. The dwellings in the
urban areas are pucka. In
certain cases houses are provided with a baithak (drawing room) for
guests. Cattle fodder is generally kept
by the villagers in a separate portion or haveli built for the
purpose of keeping cattle. Straw fodder is usually kept in Kups (a type of silo ) in the field.
According to the 2001 Census the
total number of occupied residential houses in the district was 1,00,498
(85,886 rural and 14,612 urban). The average number of persons per house hold
was 6.
Prices and
Wages.- The comparative
study of wages and prices is important to judge the economic condition of the people belonging to a particular
region. Both prices and wages on the
whole have been seising in the recent years and this phenomenon is in consonance with the general rising trend
of wages and prices in the country. The price rise has outrun the rise in wages
and the relative position of prices and wages has not remained constant. The
slower rate of increase in wages than prices has resulted in the decline in the
real income of the workers, adversely affecting their standard of living.
Prices.-
Prices are an outward index
of the movements taking place within the economic system. Therefore, problems
connected with price movements are at once the most abstract and the most
important in the discussion of economic conditions in any country. No authentic
records of prices is available for the period prior to 1861. The trend in the
prices of principal food grains are available in the then Jalandhar District
(now forming major area of Nawashahr District) which during the second half of
the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century
is as follows: The period 1861-66 is that of rising prices. Prices were falling
during 1866-83, except for a sudden jump in the prices of food-stuffs between
1876-79, owing to a great famine. During 1883-93, the fall in prices in the
country was arrested as a result of depreciation of the rupee. After 1885, when
the production of silver out stripped the production of gold, the country
entered an era of rising prices. During 1893-1913, the slow rise in prices of
the last decennium gathered pace in 1893. During 1890-1912, general price level
rose by 40 per cent in the country. Prices rose to unprecedented heights during
the war years (1914-19). By 1919, prices of food grains rose by 93 per cent and
those of piece-goods (imported) by 190 per cent and just over 60 per cent in
case of Indian made goods. The failure of rains in 1918-19 and 1919-20
accentuated the rise in prices which reached their highest level in 1920. The
phenomenal rise in prices during war was a period of hardships for agricultural
masses, working labour force and fixed income groups. During 1919-29, prices
after having reached their maximum limit in 1920 began to decline from 1921.
This downward trend of prices was accelerated during great depression, i.e. 1929-33.
The percentage decline in prices from peak in 1929 to the lowest level during
depression was 44.3 per cent in the country. One serious aspect of price fall
was the disparity in price levels of raw materials and manufactured goods.
The period 1933-39 was that of
partial recovery as there was limited
improvement in the economic structure of the country. After 1934, prices
started improving, except 1937-38 when there was a recession and set back. It
was only in 1939 that the prices finally started recovering in
Inflationary tendencies have
been witnessed in the State as in the country as a whole. The harvest prices
during 1972-73 were much higher than in 1971-72. The index number of harvest
prices increased from 205.6 during 1971-72 to 230.2 during 1972-73, (Base
1959-60 to 61-62= 100) depicting a rise of 24.6 points. This increase is
attributed to the rise in prices of cereals, pulses, oil seeds and gur. where
as the index number of harvest prices (base 1959-60 to 61-62= 100) rose to 462.4 during 1981-82. During 1991-92
the index number of harvest price (base
1979-80 to 81-82=100) was 225.2. This decline is the result of change of base
year. The index further rose to 453.4 (base 1979-80 to 1981-82=100) during
2000-2001. The percentage increase in the index number of harvest prices in 2000-2001
over 1991-92 was 101.33. The unweighted index number of the wholesale prices of
50 agricultural and non- agricultural commodities for the State (base October
to December 1949=100) showed a sharp rise from 245 in 1972 to 286 in 1973. This
index number rose to 549.7 (base 1959-60 to 61-62=100) during 1981-82. The same
index for the State ( base 1979-80 to 81-82=100) records a significant uptrend
from 243.5 in 1991-92 to 492.2 in 2000-2001. The percentage increase in this
index number in 2000-2001 over 1991-92 comes to phenomenal 102.13. The index of
wholesale prices of 21 primary agricultural commodities for the State in 1971
was 204 (base 1959-60 to 1961-62=100) where as in 1980-81 was 504.2 (base
1959-60 to 1961-62=100). The index of wholesale prices of 21 primary
agricultural commodities for the State (bases 1979-80 to 1981-82=100) shows a
remarkable rise from 236.8 in 1990-91 to 439.3 in 2000-2001. The percentage
increase in this index number in 2000-2001 over 1990-91 was 85.51.
The principal reason for variation
in prices are increase in population variation in paddy growing areas and the
variation of prices in the value of precious metals. The average retail price
of different commodities have undergone considerable change in the past few
years. The table below indicates the fluctuating trend in the retail prices of
the main selected commodities in the Nawashahr District during 1997-2000.
(Prices
are in Rs per Kg. where otherwise mentioned)
|
Serial
No |
Name
of the commodities |
1997 |
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
|
1 |
Wheat |
5.33 |
6.35 |
6.25 |
6.48 |
|
2 |
Wheat
Atta |
7.02 |
7.38 |
7.58 |
8.00 |
|
3 |
Rice |
9.31 |
9.27 |
11.67 |
11.00 |
|
4 |
Mung |
22.67 |
24.67 |
28.00 |
26.30 |
|
5 |
Mash |
22.57 |
19.17 |
23.67 |
26.30 |
|
6 |
Gram |
17.60 |
19.54 |
17.04 |
19.80 |
|
7 |
Massar |
22.00 |
23.38 |
29.00 |
24.90 |
|
8 |
Ghee
Desi |
113.18 |
125.00 |
135.00 |
132.00 |
|
9 |
Vanaspati
Ghee@ |
85.38 |
94.79 |
94.17 |
79.40 |
|
10 |
Teaxx |
59.60 |
69.00 |
70.00 |
70.00 |
|
11 |
Milkx |
12.63 |
14.00 |
13.33 |
14.00 |
|
12 |
Potato
|
4.08 |
8.63 |
4.13 |
3.04 |
|
13 |
Onions |
7.38 |
18.71 |
7.23 |
6.30 |
|
14 |
Gur |
10.19 |
12.92 |
12.00 |
16.00 |
|
15 |
Kerosene
Oil |
3.00 |
3.00 |
3.83 |
6.24 |
@ per two Kg tin ( Statistical Abstracts of Punjab 1997 to 2000)
x
per Litre
xx
per 500 gms
Wages
No proper record of wages providing
in per-
Minimum Wages are fixed by the State
Government in case of certain scheduled
employment under provisions of Minimum Wages Act, 1948. The wages are revised
from time to time whenever such need is felt. Presently the workers in the
government offices of the district can be divided into three categories, viz.
whole time workers, part-time workers and workers on daily wages.
The wages of agricultural labourers
are generally determined by the customary practices prevalent in the area and
are regulated the law of demand and supply. At the peak of the season, labour
being more in demand the wages are high, while during the slack season, labour
can be hired at lower wages. The wages for various occupations in the rural as
well as in urban areas are paid in cash. In addition to cash payments, meals are also provided to
casual labourers during the weeding, reaping, and other agricultural
operations. Skilled labourers like carpenters and masons are employed on daily
wages.
The daily wages
for different agricultural operations in Nawashahr District from 1997 to 2001
are given below:
|
Item |
1997* |
1998* |
1999* |
2000* |
2001* |
|
|
Ploughing |
- |
83.25 |
89.29 |
92.50 |
87.50 |
|
|
Sowing |
- |
77.60 |
80.00 |
84.09 |
80.83 |
|
|
Weeding |
- |
82.60 |
82.14 |
83.75 |
80.00 |
|
|
Harvesting |
- |
- |
- |
92.50 |
120.00 |
|
|
For other
Agricultural Operations |
- |
75.00 |
75.28 |
81.67 |
77.08 |
|
|
Blacksmith |
- |
142.43 |
145.00 |
155.42 |
149.17 |
|
|
Carpenter |
- |
142.43 |
145.00 |
155.42 |
149.17 |
|
(Statistical Abstracts of Punjab 1997 to
2001)
* Year ending 30
June
The rates of wages fixed for Class
IV Government Employees working in different offices in the Nawashahr District,
during 2000-2001 are given in Appendix I on page 248 to 249.
Standard of Living
Economic
prosperity of a region mainly depends upon the social set up of that area along
with the social infrastructure. The standard of living of the people of any
particular area is an indicator of their economic prosperity. Another method to
judge the standard of living of the people is to survey the income and
expenditure of various people engaged in different occupations. The size and
composition of the family, its tastes and preferences also determine the
standard of living. The standard of living of the people is directly
propositional to the increasing void between the prices and wages. Over the
years there has been a manifold increase in the prices as compared to wages.
This one sided increase in prices has also increased the cost of living which
in turn effects standard of living.
The Economic and
Statistical Organisation,
The findings of
the survey pertaining to tractor-operated cultivators' income and expenditure are given below:
(Rs
in Lakhs)
|
Name of the family/village |
Net
income from all sources (Rs) |
Net
Expenditure (Rs) |
Surplus/Deficit (Rs) |
|
Bains |
5.41 |
1.17 |
+ 4.24 |
|
Garlon Bet |
2.32 |
0.91 |
+ 1.41 |
The above figures show that the families of
all the two villages had surplus budget. The goods consumed by the families in
these villages were as under:
|
Name
of the family/village |
Total
Expenditure |
Supplied
by the farm |
Percentage |
Purchased
from outside |
Percent
age |
|
Bains
|
1.17 |
0.25 |
22 |
0.92 |
78 |
|
Garlon
Bet |
0.91 |
0.28 |
31 |
0.63 |
69 |
* Information supplied by Economic & Statistical
Organization,
The survey also revealed that during
2000-2001 on an average a peasant proprietors (tractor-operated) family in
Punjab spent 38 per cent of its income on food, 26 per cent on housing, 7 per
cent on clothing, 5 per cent each on fuel and miscellaneous items, 4 per cent
each on social ceremonies and medicine, 3 per cent each on travelling, lighting
and education and 1 per cent each on religion and amusement and luxuries.
During 2000-2001, families of
two villages (semi-mechanised) viz. Bains (Tahsil Nawashahr) and Thatiala Bet (
Tahsil Balachaur) in the Nawashahr District were selected for the survey.
The findings of the survey
pertaining to semi-mechanised cultivators
income and expenditure are given below:
|
Name of the
family/ Village |
Net
income from all sources |
Net
Expenditure |
Surplus/
Deficit |
|
Bains |
2.09 |
1.27 |
+ 0.82 |
|
Thatiala Bet |
3.11 |
0.94 |
+ 2.17 |
The above figures
show that the families of both the villages had surplus budget. The goods
consumed by the families in these village are as under: (Rs in Lakhs)
|
Name
of the family
/village |
Total Expenditure |
Supplied by the farm |
Percentage |
Purchased from outside |
Percentage |
|
Bains |
1.27 |
0.25 |
19 |
1.02 |
81 |
|
Thatiala Bet |
0.94 |
0.19 |
20 |
0.75 |
80 |
The survey also revealed that on an
average, a peasant proprietors (semi-mechanised) family in Punjab spent 39 per cent
of its income on food, 23 per cent on housing, 7 per cent on clothing, 6 per
cent on miscellaneous items, 5 per cent each on fuel and social ceremonies, 3
per cent each on travelling, lighting, medicine and education, 2 per cent on
amusement and luxuries and 1 per cent on religion.
Per capita income of a particular
district is also an indicator of the standard of living of the people residing
in that district. The income per head in the Nawashahr District at the then
current prices for the year 2000-2001 was Rs 27,170 as compared to Rs 24,111
for the
|
District |
Per
Capita Income (Rs) |
|
Fatehgarh Sahib |
29,101 |
|
|
25,273 |
|
|
25,648 |
|
Jalandhar |
24,059 |
|
Kapurthala |
26,347 |
|
Faridkot |
24,848 |
|
Sangrur |
25,473 |
|
Rupnagar |
22,765 |
|
Firozpur |
23,682 |
|
Nawashahr |
27,170 |
|
|
24,071 |
|
Bathinda |
23,887 |
|
Hoshiarpur |
18,927 |
|
Moga |
28,783 |
|
Mansa |
22,422 |
|
Gurdaspur |
20,603 |
|
Muktsar |
21,499 |
|
|
24,111 |
(Source: Economic Advisor to Government
The district
ranked 3rd in the State in terms of per capita income during
2000-2001.
(b)
Employment Situation
The manpower of the State is an
asset if used properly, otherwise it can
be a liability. Though agriculture provides adequate employment
opportunities, unemployment is more in this sector than in the industrial
sector. Unemployment in this sector remains hidden in the form of disguised
unemployment, which is further divided into visible and invisible, indicates
the low earning less utilization of skill or employment in the production
units.
As already stated agriculture is the
main occupation of the district. However, the establishment of industrial units
in Balachaur Tahsil have been creating a market for technical and trained
personnel in the district. This has helped to attract the required labour force
from other districts of the State. The ancillary services in the field of transport and communication trade and
commerce, etc. have also been growing along with. A level of full employment
can be achieved only after a complete network of industrial structure is
erected, which in turn will enable the diversion of surplus labour force from
agriculture to industry. Employment has also been a major objective of
planning. Full utilization of available manpower resource can also be achieved
after considerable period of development. The employment situation in the
Nawashahr district is in accordance with the general pattern in the State.
No employment market survey has been
undertaken in the district. However the number of persons waiting for
employment in the district have been increased from 5,164 in 1995-96 to 7,531
as on
Employment
Exchange.- With a view to
make an assessment of manpower requirement of professional, scientific, skilled
and technical workers, and to determine more correctly the type of personnel in
short supply, as also to find out new employment opportunities, the State
Directorate of Employment maintains district -wise records of persons seeking
employment. The main functions of an employment exchange are: to register
applicants and to send their names to employers; to impart vocational guidance
to the youth and adults to choose a better career; to encourage applicants for
self employment by providing them knowledge of financial assistance; to give
unemployment allowance to applicants after three years of registrations; to
forward the applications to foreign employment cell of the applicants, who are
interested of employment at abroad; to collect statistics from employers in the
district under employment market information scheme; and to collect employment
statistics for the Planning Commission of India. The Employment Exchange at
Nawashahr came into existence in April 1975,. which was upgraded as District Employment Exchange in 1995. The
work done by the District Employment Exchange, Nawashahr is shown in Appendix
II on page 250.
Employment
Market Information Scheme.-
The Scheme was introduced in the State in 1957-58 and is being operated under
the guidance of the Director of Employment,
Under the Scheme, the employment
exchange is responsible for collecting regular information about the employment
situation in private as well as in public sectors. This is done by a system
known as “Establishment Reporting System”. Under this scheme, all
establishments in the public sector and selected establishments in the private
sector engaged in non-agricultural activities are asked to give details
regularly about the number of persons they are employing, the vacancies that
have occurred and the type of persons they find to be in short supply. The
information is collected from all establishments in the public sector and those
employing 25 or more persons in the private sector under the provisions of the
Employment Exchange (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act, 1959, which
makes it obligatory for them to submit it to the local employment exchange.
Information from smaller establishments in the private sector is, however,
collected on voluntary basis. The information which is processed at the
district level is finally tabulated at the State and National level to know
precisely the employment potential at these levels.
The number of employees working in
the Nawashahr District in public and private sectors, as on
Vocational Guidance Scheme.- The Vocational Guidance and Employment
Counselling Programmes are designed to give intensive guidance to those who
seek such assistance. The term “Vocational Guidance” more appropriately
connotes assistance to the youth, whereas “ Employment Counselling” refers to
the assistance given to adults.
The programme is jointly operated by
the Directorate General of Employment and Training, Union Ministry of Labour
and Employment and Directorate of Employment in the State. The Ministry of
Labour and Employment through the Director of Employment Exchanges is
responsible for the general policies and procedure, which are devised in
collaboration with the State Government through the National Working Group of
the Employment Services. The State Directorate of Employment administers the
service through the employment exchanges and co-ordinates with the guidance
service of the Education Department of the State Government. As on
The District Employment Officer,
Nawashahr is responsible for the efficient working and general supervision of
the scheme in the district. The functions of a Vocational Guidance Unit are: to
provide vocational guidance and employment counselling to youth (boys and
girls) and adults ( men and women) in groups as well as individually; to assist
in the placement of youth in institutions or training centres or in entry jobs;
follow up and review the progress of guided youth and adults; to review the
records of applicants on the live register and to give them such guidance as
would lead to their early and suitable placement; to assist other section of
the exchanges in improving the quality of registrations and submissions, and
also to assist the exchanges in the collection and compilation of up-to-date
information on occupations, training facilities, educational courses,
employment trends and employment outlook for youth and adults, available
scholarships and sources of financial assistance. Its other functions include
maintenance of regular information for the use of applicants and visitors
seeking information; maintenance of up-to-date library on occupation
literature; and educate the public by undertaking publicity measures in
vocational guidance principles with a view to encourage community
consciousness. The guidance procedure at an employment exchange with a
Vocational Guidance Unit, consists of group guidance comprising invitational
talks, group discussions and invitational talk-cum-group discussions according
to the needs of the groups; individual guidance and giving information
individually.
(c) Planning and Rural Development
Rural development received little
attention under the British rule and
whatever efforts were made in this direction were merely the outcome
of political expediency. The partition
of the country in 1947 and the consequent whole migration of the non-muslim
population from the
Rural Development
Programme previously known as Community Development was launched in the State
on
Under this programme uniform subsidy
at the rate of 30 percent of the project cost maximum upto Rs 7,500 is provided
to the industrial units, but rate of subsidy for Scheduled Castes is 50 per cent of the project cost maximum upto
Rs 10,000, where as the rate of subsidy for a group would be 50 per cent of the
project cost maximum up to Rs 1.25 lakh. Besides subsidy District Rural
Development Agency also arranges loans through banks. The rate of loan for
Scheduled Castes is 50 per cent for women it is 40 per cent and for handicapped
it is 30 per cent.
Besides, these development
programmes, District Rural Development Agency has been entrusted with the work
of all round development of villages
through Block Development and Panchayat Officers. Progress achieved under the
rural development schemes in the district is described below:
In order to provide basic urban
facilities in the villages; to create avenues of self employment by providing
training to the unemployed youth, to promote industrial and commercial
activities and to reduce rural-urban migration. Six rural focal points at
Jadla, Garcha, Pathlawa, Sahiba, Tonsa and Jabowal have been set up in
district. These focal points are providing facilities such as purchase centres,
veterinary hospitals, civil dispensaries, banks, post offices, patwar khanas,
STDs/PCOs, diesel and petrol pumps. Besides 311 houseless persons are provided
houses after spending Rs 1.55 lakhs.
In the Nawashahr District during
1996-2001, Rs 374.73 lakhs were spent on laying the drains and lanes. During
the same period the buildings of 296 primary and high schools were constructed/
repaired by spending Rs 324.38 lakhs in the district. 260 Dharamshalas were
constructed at the cost of 190.41 lakhs. 136 sheds at Shamshan Ghats were constructed by spending 65.63 lakhs. For
constructing 5 community centres in the district during 1996- 2001, Rs 18.15
lakhs were spent, 17 animal hospitals were constructed/ repaired at the cost of
19.25 lakhs in the same period, 129.86 lakhs were spent on constructing
channels ( khalas) for the drainage
of sewrage, 34 lakhs were spent on 4 deep tube wells for irrigation purposes in
the Kandi area.
Number of persons benefited,
amount of loan advanced and subsidy granted under Integrated Rural Development
Programme during the years 1996-97 to 2000-2001 is given below:
|
Year |
Number of Beneficiaries |
Subsidy
(Rs
in Lakhs) |
Loan
(Rs
in Lakhs) |
||
|
1996-97 |
306 |
184 |
10.33 |
184 |
33.19 |
|
1997-98 |
270 |
151 |
8.65 |
151 |
25.32 |
|
1998-99 |
444 |
260 |
15.29 |
260 |
49.31 |
|
1999-2000 (S.G.S.Y) |
272 |
212 |
19.78 |
212 |
63.42 |
|
2000-2001 (S.G.S.Y) |
540 |
428 |
46.03 |
428 |
120.97 |
(Source: Additional Deputy
Commissioner[ Dev] Nawashahr)
APPENDIX-I (Vide page 239)
Rates of fixed for the Class IV Government Servants
working in the Nawashahr District as on
|
Serial No. |
Category of Labourers/Workers |
Rates
of Pay |
||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
|
|
Per hour |
Per day |
Per month |
|
1 |
(b)2nd Grade |
14.00 12.00 |
112.00 92.00 |
3,360.00 2,760.00 |
|
2 |
Carpenter (a) Ist Grade (b) 2nd Grade |
13.00 12.00 |
107.00 92.00 |
3,210.00 2,760.00 |
|
3 |
Blacksmith (a) Ist Grade (b) 2nd Grade |
12.00 11.00 |
92.00 87.00 |
2,760.00 2,610.00 |
|
4 |
Painter (a) Ist Grade (b) 2nd Grade |
12.00 10.00 |
92.00 87.00 |
2,760.00 2,340.00 |
|
5 |
Lady Attendant, Chowkidar,
Peon, Polisher, Assistant, Painter, Carrier, Ex-Serviceman Gunman,
Mochi, Dhobi, Tailor, Cook with food, Grass Cutter, Cleaner, Fitter/Turner,
Un-skilled Labour, Masalchi,
Khansama/Waiter, Baildar, Cleaner, Surveyor/Moulder, Skilled
Khalasi, Washing Boy, Trollyman/Chainman, Bridge Jamadar, Bufferman/ Tyreman,
Assistant, Helper I.T.I. Pass, Hostel Warder, Chemist, Beldar, Bhishati,
Electrician, Ticket Verifier/ Booking Clerk, Laboratory Attendant, Security
Guard/ SPO/ Security Supervisor, Art/Craft Teacher |
10.00 |
78.00 |
2,340.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
6 |
Mali/Khalsi/Surveyor/Mates Light
Vehicle Driver, Halwai, Engine Driver, Boilerman/ Hobee Driver/Jumper man,
Quarry Operator, Telephone Operator |
10.00 |
82.00 |
2,460.00 |
|
7 |
Cook Without
Food |
11.00 |
82.00 |
2,460.00 |
|
8 |
White Washer/Floor
Polisher/ Bahishti, Road Roller Driver, Boatman, Draftsman |
11.00 |
87.00 |
2,610.00 |
|
9 |
Refrigeration
Operator |
11.00 |
90.00 |
2,700.00 |
|
10 |
Pump Fitter,
Water Pump Driver, Mechanical Driver/ Stone Crusher/ Mechanical Driver Operator,
Refrigeration Mechanic, Distemper/Brick Layer Class-10, Stone Mason Class-11,
Stone Chittel Class-1, Plumber Class-I, Plasteror, Spirit Polisher, Air
Condition Operator/Tubewell Operator/ Electrician I.T.I.Pass. |
13.00 |
107.00 |
3,210.00 |
(Source:
Deputy Commissioner, Nawashahr)
