Wages
generally signify all remuneration capable of being expressed in the terms of
money paid to a person for the work done by him. The level of wages obtaining
at a particular period throw sufficient light on the prevailing economic
condition of region and living standards of its people. Variation in prices on
account of fiscal polices and other factors such as the rise in demand,
shortage of goods, insufficient production, etc. generally influence the wage
level.
The wage level over a period of time
has undergone somewhat similar fluctuations as the price level. In the early
days, wages, especially in the agricultural sector, were determined by custom
and tradition. The agricultural labourers and artisans were generally paid
either in cash or in kind or in both. The characteristic phenomenon of wages in
the later part of the nineteenth century as in the case of prices was that if a
general rise. The wage rates of labour prevalent in the Gurdaspur District,
from 1870-71 to 1930-31, are given in Appendix II on pages 267-268. The rates
of pay fixed for class IV Government servants working in the different offices
in the Gurdaspur District, during 1971-72, are given in Appendix III on page
269.
Standard of Living.- Information about the standard of living of the various
strata of society is useful in understanding the general economic condition of
the people. The standard of living of the people is dependent on two factors,
namely, the total income that a family earns and the total expenditure that it
incurs for maintaining a comfortable standard of living.
A
working class family living survey was conducted in Dhariwal (Gurdaspur Tahsil)
in 1965-662. It was started on July 1, 1965, and ended on June 30,
1966. Prices for the base period were, however, collected for the calendar year
1966. The number of factories being
small, all the units were taken for coverage.
According to the 1961 Census, out of the total population of 9,601 of
Dhariwal, the essential number of working class families was 2,342, the
estimated population of the working families was 14,965, and the estimate
number of employees in working class families was 2,809.
The
percentage distribution of employees (including apprentice) by industry was:
74:35 in manufacture of textile-wool; 3.26in manufacture of wood and wood
products; 0.77 in manufacture of chemicals and chemical products; 1.46 in
manufacture of transport equipment; 1.39 in construction; 0.91 in electricity,
gas, water and sanitary services; 3.00 in commerce; 3.16 in services and 11.70
in rest.
The
industry-wise average monthly family income per employee was: Rs 105.01
manufacture of textile-wool; Rs123.68 manufacture of wood and wood products; Rs
_______________________________________________________________
2. Report on the Working
Class Family Living Survey, 1964-66, (Publication No. 82, issued by the
Economic Adviser to Government, Punjab, Chandigarh, in 1968), pp. 1.4-7, 10-11,
26, 38, 82-83, 95-96.
88.36 manufacture of chemicals and
chemicals products; Rs 146.17 manufacture of transport equipments; Rs 122.89
construction; Rs 125.42 electricity, gas, water and communication; Rs 106.12
commerce; Rs 116.14 services; and Rs 79.78 of the rest.
The percentage distribution of families by their income was: 5.05 in income groups below Rs 90,21.80 in income group Rs 90-120, 30.8 in income group Rs 120-150, 29.91 in income group Rs 150-210, 8.14 in income group RS 210-300 and 4.52 in income group Rs 300-450.
The
percentage distribution of families by per capita was income was: 10.08 in
income group below Rs 15, 24.26 in income group Rs 15-20, 22.52 in income group
Rs 20-25, 21.34 in income group Rs 25-35, 12.92 in income group Rs 35-50, 4.44
in income Rs 50-65, 0.73 in income group Rs 65-80, and 3.51 in income group Rs
80 and above.
The
average monthly per capita income by income classes was: Rs 16.69 in income
groups below Rs 90, Rs 20 in income group Rs 90-120, Rs 20.46 in income group
Rs 120-150, Rs 26.90 in income group Rs 150-210, Rs 30.33 in income group Rs 210-300, and Rs 34.76 in income group, Rs
300-450, and Rs 24.18 in all the above income groups.
The
comparison of consumption expenditure pattern in terms of percentage
expenditure on groups/sub-groups of items is given below:
|
Group and Sub-group of items |
|
Percentage expenditure |
|
Food |
.. |
57.26 |
|
Pan, supari, tobacco and alcoholic beverages |
.. |
1.44 |
|
Fuel and lights |
.. |
5.25 |
|
Rent for houses and water charges |
.. |
5.58 |
|
House repairs and upkeep, household appliances and utilities, furniture and house hold services |
.. |
3.11 |
|
Clothing, bedding, footwear, headwear and miscellaneous |
.. |
16.21 |
|
Personal care |
.. |
2.08 |
|
Education and reading |
.. |
2.81 |
|
Recreation and amusement |
.. |
0.21 |
|
Medical care |
.. |
2.47 |
|
Other consumption expenditure |
.. |
3.28 |
|
Total |
.. |
100.00 |
As regard the distribution of
employees by social security benefits, 93.33 per cent contributed towards
Provident Fund Scheme and 100 per cent contributed towards the Employees’ State
Insurance Scheme.
The
average amount of saving and assets per reporting family by income classes was
as under.
|
Monthly income class |
Average amount of savings and assets per reporting family |
|
(Rs) |
(Rs) |
|
Below 90 |
2,232.61 |
|
90-150 |
4,770.60 |
|
150-210 |
5,703.11 |
|
210 and above |
5,848.00 |
|
All : |
4,398.76 |
The Board of Economic Enquiry,
Punjab, conducted a survey regarding the family budgets of twelve cultivators
in the Punjab for the year 1969-70.3
It aimed at finding out
the returns to the farmers for their work on the holdings. The inquiry revealed that the budget of the
family in the village of Badowal Khurd in the Batala Tahsil was surplus. The annual income of the family in Badowal
Khurd was Rs 8,337.23 and expenditure Rs 5,908.11. The study also showed that, on an average, a peasant proprietor’s
family in the Punjab spent 62 per cent of its income on food, 10 per cent on
clothing, 7 per cant on housing, 7 per cent on fuel, 3 per cent on travelling
and 11 per cent on other items. The
goods consumed worth Rs 3,391.04 (57 per cent), by the family in Badowal Khurd
were furnished by the farm, while those worth Rs 2,517.07 (43 per cent) were
purchased from outside.
In the review of economic resources, an important factor that has to be taken into account is the utilization of human resources, as determined by its working force in the different economic activities. A study of changes in their distribution in different sectors of economy is helpful in the assessment of progress made in various sectors.
_______________________________________________________________
3. Family Budget of Twelve
Cultivators in the Punjab for the year 1969-70 (Publication No. 125 : issued by
the Economic Adviser to Government, Punjab, Chandigarh, in 1971)
The inhabitants of the district are
primarily engaged in agriculture which, however, provides employment for about
6 months in a year. On December 31,
1972, there were 39,397 labourers employed in the district as compared to
36,358 in the previous year. The
employment increased by 7.8 per cent in 1972 and the index rose from 123.3 on
December 31, 1971 to 131.1 on December 31,1972 (with March 1966 as base-100). On December 31, 1972, the employment of
women was 10.3 per cent of the total employment on December 31,1971.
The
number of persons waiting for employment in the district at the close of the
year 1971 was 12,390 which rose to
15,592 in 1972. There was a shortage of
veterinary compounders, jail warders, teachers in Punjabi, Sanskrit, science,
mathematics, and agriculture, overseers (civil), steno-typists (Punjabi),
patwaris and plumbers. However, there
was a surplus of trained dais, primary school teachers, drivers,
bus-conductors, sweepers, chowkidars, motor mechanics and unskilled workers.4
Employment
Exchange. - Employment exchanges
were first started throughout the country to provide employment to the
demobilized persons of the World War II (1939-45). Even after this problem was solved, the exchanges were continued
to tackle the greater problem of general unemployment in the country. In order to make the employment exchanges
more purposeful, the system of registration and placements of all categories of
employment seekers was introduced in March 1948. With effect from November 1, 1956, the administrative control of
the employment exchanges was handed over to the State Governments. The District Employment Exchange at
Gurdaspur was started in 1947. Later
on, as a result of the increase in the volume of work, employment exchanges
were also opened at Pathankot and Batala in 1960 and 1961, respectively.
The
main functions of an employment exchange are : to register applicants and to
provide employment assistance; to impart vocational guidance to the youth and
adults, to choose a better career; and to collect employment market information
to assess the employment trends, impact of Government plans on the employment
situations and to collect employment statistics for the Planning Commission of
India.
The
overall level of employment in the Gurdaspur District has shown an upward trend
in both the private and public sectors.
The number of employees working in both the sectors, as on December 31,
1972 was 39,397, out of which 27,204 were in public sector and 12,193 in
private sector. The number of employees
in previous year was 36,358.
The
work done by the District Employment Exchanges, Gurdaspur, Pathankot and Batala
is shown in Appendix IV on page 270.
_______________________________________________________________
4. Employment Market Report
of District Gurdaspur for the Quarter Ending December 31, 1972 in Punjabi
(issued by the Sub-Regional Employment Officer, Amritsar)
The
number of unemployed persons aged 15 and above by sex and educational levels,
both in the urban and rural areas of the Gurdaspur district, as per 1961 Census
is given below :
|
|
|
Total unemployed |
||
|
|
|
Persons |
Males |
Females |
|
Total |
|
1,632 |
1,587 |
45 |
|
Illiterate |
.. |
301 |
298 |
3 |
|
Literate (without educational level) |
.. |
76 |
76 |
.. |
|
Primary or Junior Basic |
.. |
551 |
547 |
4 |
|
Matriculation or Higher Secondary |
.. |
609 |
584 |
25 |
|
Technical diploma not equal to a degree |
|
10 |
7 |
3 |
|
Non-technical diploma not equal to a degree |
|
15 |
9 |
6 |
|
University degree or post graduate degree other than a technical degree |
.. |
64 |
61 |
3 |
|
Technical degree or diploma equal to a degree or diploma equal to a degree or post graduate degree |
.. |
6 |
5 |
1 |
|
(i) Engineering |
.. |
1 |
1 |
.. |
|
(ii) Medicine |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
|
..(iii) Agriculture |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
|
(iv) Veterinary and Dairying |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
|
(v) Technology |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
|
(vi) Teaching |
.. |
3 |
2 |
1 |
|
(vii) Others |
.. |
2 |
2 |
.. |
|
|
|
Total unemployed |
||
|
|
|
Persons |
Males |
Females |
|
Total |
|
2,757 |
2,749 |
8 |
|
Illiterate |
.. |
780 |
778 |
32 |
|
Literate (without educational level) |
.. |
181 |
181 |
.. |
|
Primary or Junior Basic |
.. |
905 |
904 |
1 |
|
Matriculation or Higher Secondary |
.. |
891 |
886 |
5 |
(Census of India 1961,
Punjab District Census Handbook, No. 14, Gurdaspur District, pp.234-35
|
District/Tahsil |
|
Total unemployed |
Illiterate |
Literate (without educational level) |
Primary or Junior Basic |
Matriculation and above |
||||||||||
|
|
|
P |
M |
F |
P |
M |
F |
P |
M |
F |
P |
M |
F |
P |
M |
F |
|
Gurdaspur District |
.. |
2,757 |
2,749 |
8 |
780 |
778 |
2 |
181 |
181 |
.. |
905 |
904 |
1 |
891 |
886 |
5 |
|
Pathankot Tahsil |
.. |
805 |
803 |
2 |
240 |
238 |
2 |
37 |
37 |
.. |
334 |
.. |
.. |
194 |
194 |
.. |
|
Gurdaspur Tahsil |
.. |
1,291 |
1,288 |
3 |
385 |
385 |
.. |
106 |
106 |
.. |
365 |
1 |
1 |
435 |
433 |
2 |
|
Batala Tahsil |
.. |
661 |
658 |
3 |
155 |
155 |
.. |
38 |
38 |
.. |
206 |
206 |
.. |
262 |
259 |
1 |
(Census of India, 1961,
Punjab District Census Handbook, No. 14, Gurdaspur District, pp. 234-35)
Economic
Market Information Scheme.- The aim
of this scheme is to watch the trends of employment in the state so as to make
available to the Government and to the Planning Commission information on the
periodical expansion and contraction of employment in various industries and
occupations in each district and in the State as a whole. The information thus collected is also used
for determining the location of the industries training institutes and the
trades to be taught therein.
Introduced
into state in 1957-58, the Employment Market Information Scheme is operated under
the Director of Employment, Punjab, Chandigarh. Initially, it covered only the Public sector, but from 1960-61,
it was also extended to the private sector.
Under
the scheme, the employment exchange is responsible for collecting regularly
information about the employment in the private sector as well as in the public
sector. This is done by what is known
as “Establishment Reporting” system. Under this scheme, all establishments in
the public sector and selected establishments in the private sector engaged in
non-agricultural activities are asked to give details regularly about the
number of persons they are employing, the vacancies that have occurred therein
and the type of persons they find to be in short supply. The information is collected from all
establishments in the public sector and those employing 25 or more persons in
the private sector under the provision of the Employment Exchanges) Compulsory
Notification of Vacancies) Act, 1959, which makes it obligatory on them to
submit it to the local employment exchange.
Information from smaller establishments in the private sector is,
however, collected on voluntary basis.
The information which is processed at the district level is finally
tabulated at the State and the National levels respectively to know precisely
the employment potential at these levels.
An Employment Market Unit in the Employment Exchange, Gurdaspur, has
been functioning since 1958. The
following
statement clearly shows the changes
in the volume of employment both in the private and public sectors in the
district as on December 31, 1971 and December 31, 1972: -
|
Industrial Division |
|
Number of establishments |
Number of employees |
||
|
|
|
December 31, 1971 |
December 31,1972 |
December 31, 1971 |
December 31,1972 |
|
Agriculture |
.. |
8 |
6 |
502 |
5,19 |
|
Mining and quarrying |
.. |
.. |
1 |
.. |
45 |
|
Manufacturing |
.. |
248 |
256 |
8,417 |
9,271 |
|
Construction |
.. |
49 |
59 |
4,471 |
4,717 |
|
Electricity, water supply and public health |
.. |
23 |
25 |
1,400 |
1,543 |
|
Trade and commerce |
.. |
37 |
40 |
1,135 |
1,172 |
|
Transport, storage and communication |
.. |
21 |
21 |
3,606 |
3,677 |
|
Other Services |
.. |
240 |
258 |
16,827 |
18,453 |
|
Total |
.. |
626 |
666 |
36,358 |
39,397 |
[Employment Market Reports of the District Gurdaspur for the Quarter Ending December 31, 1971 and December 31, 1972in Punjabi (issued by the Sub-Regional Employment Officer, Amritsar)]
The above table indicates that
during the period the employment increased in almost all the industrial
divisions.
Vocational
Guidance Scheme.- The vocational
guidance and employment counselling programmes are designed to give intensive
vocational guidance to those who seek such assistance. The term vocational guidance more
appropriately connotes to youth, whereas employment counselling refers to the
assistance given to adults.
The
programme is jointly operated by the Directorate of Employment Exchanges of the
Directorate General of Employment and Training, Union Ministry of Labour and
Employment, and the Directorate of Employment, in the State. The ministry of Labour and Employment,
through the Director of Employment Exchanges, is responsible for the general
policies and procedure which are devised in collaboration with the State
Government through the National Working group of the Employment Service. The State Directorate of Employment
administers the service through the Employment Exchange, coordinating it with
the guidance service of the Education Department of the State Government.
The
Officer-in-charge of the Employment Exchange, Gurdaspur, is responsible for the
efficient working and general supervision of this scheme in the district. The functions of a Vocational Guidance Unit
are to provide vocational guidance and employment counselling to youth (boys
and girls) and adults (men and women) in groups as well as individually ;
assist in the placement of youth in institutions or inplant training centres or
in entry jobs ; follow up and review the progress of guided youth and adults ;
review the records of applicants on the live register and to give them such
guidance as would lead to early and
suitable placement ; assist other sections of the exchanges in improving the
quality of registrations and submissions, assist in the collection and
compilation of up-to-date information on occupations, training facilities,
educational courses , employment trends and employment outlook for youth and
adults, scholarships and sources of financial assistance ; maintenance of
regular information of up-to-date library on occupation literature, ; and
educate the public by undertaking
publicity measures in vocational
guidance with a view to encouraging community consciousness. The guidance procedure at an Employment
Exchange, with a Vocational Guidance Unit, consists of group guidance
comprising invitational talks, group discussions and invitational
talk-cum-group discussions according to the needs of the groups ; individual
guidance; and giving information individually.
A
Vocational Guidance Unit was started in the District Employment Exchange,
Gurdaspur, in January 1962.
The
following table shows the work done by Vocational Guidance Unit, Gurdaspur,
during 1967-68 to 1971-72 :-
|
Year |
Number of individuals provided |
||
|
Group guidance talks |
Individual guidance cases |
Individual information |
|
|
1967-68 |
915 |
70 |
836 |
|
1968-69 |
432 |
41 |
308 |
|
1969-70 |
704 |
79 |
373 |
|
1970-71 |
1,163 |
58 |
1,288 |
|
1971-72 |
1,187 |
39 |
1,340 |
(Source:
District Employment Officer, Gurdaspur)
Another Vocational Guidance Unit was stated at the Employment Exchange,
Pathankot, in November 1969. The work
done by it, during 1969-70 to 1971-72, is given below:
|
Year |
Number of individuals provided |
||
|
Group guidance talks |
Individual guidance talks |
Individual Information |
|
|
1969-70 |
1359 |
108 |
963 |
|
1970-71 |
344 |
12 |
147 |
|
1971-72 |
2154 |
101 |
725 |
(Source
: Assistant Employment Officer, Pathankot)
(c) Planning and Community Development
Planning.- planning
is necessary to achieve a balance growth of different sectors of the economy of
a region as also in raising the standard of living of the people. It bring about socio-economic advancement of
the people by formulating definite schemes, fixing up to targets of progress in
various sectors of the economy and in directing efforts to achieve them within
a stipulated.
The
First Five-Year Plan (1951-56) was launched in 1951-52. It aimed at achieving a balanced growth
within a stipulated period of time by raising the necessary resources for
implementation, the underlying idea being to improve the standard of living of
the people at large. It was followed by
the Second (1956-61), the third (1961-66) and the fourth (1969-74), five-Year
Plans, interspersed by three Annual Plans (for 1966-67, 1967-68 and 1968-69)
between the Third and the fourth.
Under
these plans, the State and district plans have been formulated keeping in view
the concept of Welfare State and implemented through the district administrative
machinery, which has been expanded and strengthened from time to time for
undertaking the tasks of development.
For each scheme of development, there is a fixed target and estimate of
expenditure have been worked out to the desired social and economic goals.
Community
Development.- The Community
Development Programme is a bold effort to mobilize public enthusiasm and
co-operation and to raise the standard of living of the people. It was introduced with a view to enlisting
popular participation in the implementation of the development programmes in
the blocks. It is altogether a unique
and scientific endeavor for an integrated approach to the rural development,
based on public participation and working through representative institutions
of the people.
The
Community Development Programme was started in the Gurdaspur District as early
as in 1952 with the inception of ‘Batala Community Project’. The project was known as ‘Trail Project’ and
the programme sprang up gradually when Intensive Development Blocks were set
up. The Batala Community Project was
subdivided into three blocks, viz.
Batala, Srigobindpur and Dera Baba Nanak Block was further slashed into
two in 1961 when a new unit, known as the Fatehgarh Churian Block, came into
being straight away in stage II.
In
the beginning, three types of development blocks such as the National Extension
Service, Community Development and Post Intensive Stage blocks were
conceived. These marked three different
phases of development of the rural areas.
The National Extension Service (N.E.S.) was taken to be the preparatory
period, when the area was prepared for receiving a heavy dose for development during
the next sage of community development. It was envisaged that the development
tempo generated would be maintained then and further progress ensured. However
the Community Development Programme could not evoke and enlist sufficient
co-operative of the people in implementation of the development scheme.
Therefore, in pursuance of the recommendation of the Balwantrai Mehta Committee
appointed by the Planning Commission in 1957 organizational and structural
changes were made in the programme. Thus, the distinction between the N.E.S.
stage, intensive development stage, and the post-intensive stage was abolished
from April 1, 1958, and all blocks under the all India programme, expect those
in the community development stage which had then not completed three years of
existence, were classified into stage I and stage II blocks, with revised
financial pattern and period of operation. The Community Development Blocks on
completing stage I period would enter stage II. A stage I block has five years
of operation with the ceiling of expenditure of Rs.12 lakhs. It is the
intensive development phase in which the people’s participation is to be
promoted by a closer association of people’s institutions, like the gram
panchayats. The degree of success attained during the first stage would be
evidence by the growth and functioning of self-reliant rural communities which
was the basic objective of the programme. After completing stage I, the blocks
would enter stage II and then the post-stage II of the programme. .
Each
community block is intended to be an area of intensive effort in which all
development agencies of the Government work together as a term in correct with
the local leadership and talent, represented in the panchayats.
The
block programmes have an important bearing on the preparation of the State Plan
in the fields of agriculture, minor
irrigation, co-operatives, communications, village industries, education, rural
amenities and the utilization of available man-power resources. The block plans
include all social and economic activities undertaken for the benefit of the
people.
The
Community Development Programme covers the entire district of Gurdaspur
comprising 11 Community Development Blocks5, viz. Gurdaspur,
Kalanuwan, Dorangla (with headquarters at Dinanagar (in Tahsil Gurdaspur),
Batala, Dera Baba Nanak, Srigobindpur, Fetehgarh Churian, (in Tahsil Batala),
Pathankot, Narot Jaimalsingh and Dhar Kalan, (in Tahsil Pathankot). On March
31,1972, these blocks covered 1,526 inhabited villages with a total population
of 9,80,165..
The
people in the district have extended commendable co-operation and have also
contribution liberally as and when they were required to do so.
The
Community Development Training Centre, Batala, is situated at a distance of 3
km from the Batala town on the Amritsar-Pathankot road. It was named as
Extension Training Centre, which was changed in 1952 to Gramsevaks Training
Centre. Later on in March 1969, it was converted into Intermediate Level
Composite Training Centre and again, in 1973, its name was changed to Community
Development Training Centre.
The
Community Development Training Centre, Batala, is the only centre in the Punjab
State which caters to the training of the higher officers of Development
Department. All probationers, above the level of Village Level workers in the
Development Department, undergo a training for a specific period. The centre is
designed to enable the participants to know about themselves and about their work
so that they may develop techniques of enlisting support of the people with
whom they have to work. The training is imparted to the various categories of
functionaries, including Non-officials engaged in the development work. The
centre impacts elementary training and field education in the various subjects,
viz. community development, agriculture, animal husbandry, co-operation,
health, education, industry, etc.
5. In 1974, another separate block, viz. Dhariwal Block, was created, thus raising the total number of the Community Development Blocks in the Gurdaspur District From 11 to 12.
|
Rural/ Urban Total |
Total number of census house-holds |
Total Number of members |
Total number of rooms |
Households with one room |
Households with two rooms |
Households with three rooms |
|||||||
|
Male |
Females |
|
No. of house-hold |
Number of members |
No. of house-holds |
Number of members |
No. of house-hold |
Number of members |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Males |
Females |
Males |
Females |
Males |
Females |
|||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
|
Rural |
1,52,965 |
5,11,515 |
4,51,440 |
3,03,795 |
67,410 |
1,89,365 |
1,65,665 |
49,500 |
1,69,935 |
1,50,065 |
20,595 |
80,745 |
72,240 |
|
Urban |
43,105 |
1,37,301 |
1,13,150 |
94,310 |
17,220 |
44,590 |
34,025 |
13,500 |
42,440 |
37,120 |
6,050 |
21,330 |
19,020 |
|
Total: |
1,96,070 |
6,48,825 |
5,64,590 |
3,98,105 |
84,360 |
2,33,955 |
1,99,690 |
63,000 |
2,12,375 |
1,87,185 |
26,645 |
1,02,075 |
91,260 |
(contd.)
APPENDIX I- concld.
(contd. From pre-page)
|
Rural/ Urban Total |
Households with four room |
Households with five rooms and above |
Households with unspecified number of rooms |
||||||||
|
Number of house-holds |
Number of members |
Number of house-holds |
Number of members |
Number of house-hold |
Number of members |
Number of households with details unspecified |
|||||
|
Males |
Females |
|
Males |
Females |
|
Males |
Females |
|
|||
|
Rural .. |
8,820 |
38,455 |
34,040 |
6,620 |
32,965 |
29,405 |
20 |
50 |
25 |
.. |
|
|
Urban .. |
3,330 |
13,175 |
11,590 |
2,900 |
15,770 |
11,395 |
5 |
5 |
.. |
.. |
|
|
Total: |
12,150 |
51,630 |
45,630 |
9,520 |
48,735 |
40,800 |
25 |
55 |
25 |
.. |
|
Census of
India, 1971, Series 17- Punjab, Part IV, Housing Reports and Tables, Part IV,
pp. 106-107)