(b) Learned Profession

The Teachers, Doctors, Lawyers and Engineers form the most important of the learned professions. The information available on each of these professions in the district is given below:

Educational Services- The importance of the teaching profession in the life of the district can hardly be exaggerated. Jullundhur is considered to be the educational center of the Punjab. This may primarily be attributed to the partition of the country in 1947 when most of the educational institutions of Lahore (Pakistan) along with their staff settled at Jullundhur. According to the 1961 census, the number of college teachers in the district was 384.

The number of teachers working in high/higher secondary, multi purpose /post basic, middle/senior basis, primary/pre primary/junior basic schools in the district, as on June 15, 1974 was 9088. The grades of teachers are not better and quite attractive. There is a dearth of trained science and mathematics teachers. Ladies are general reluctant to work in the rural areas which results in an apparent shortage. No residential accommodation is usually provided for the teachers in the urban or rural areas. Most lady teachers reside in towns/cities and come back from their schools in the evening. This results in a hampering of the social activities in schools to some extent.

Medical and Health Services – With the spread of education and scientific treatment of human ills coming near the reach of the people, the methods of faith cure and quackery are taken resort to by fewer people now. The Homoeopathy is practiced by a few practitioners in towns. The Ayurvedic and Unani systems are liked because of the simpler and familiar medicines prescribed. The state Government is giving better recognition to these systems and the number of Ayurvedic and Unani Institutions in the district as on January 1, 1975 was 3 and 5 respectively. The number of hospitals, dispensaries and primary health centers in the district, as on Jaunaury 1, 1975 was 16, 12 and 49 respectively.

The medical profession includes persons employed in medical services rendered by organizations and individuals such as hospitals, nursing homes, maternity and child welfare clinics, as also by Unani, Ayurvedic, Allopathic and Homoepathic practitioners and persons employed in maternity services.

According to the 1961 Census, the total number of persons associated with the profession of medical and health services in the district was 2668 (2127 males, 541 females). These included physicians, surgeons, dentists, nurses, pharmacists and other medical and health technicians. Besides there are also a large number of private medical practitioners who generally have their small clinics and dispense their own prescriptions.

On the veterinary side, the district is fairly well served by 30 veterinary hospitals and 20 permanent outlying dispensaries to control contagious disease among the animals and to improve their breeds.

Legal Services – The profession included practicing lawyers, pleaders and munshis. In the social life of the community, lawyers occupy a high status. A number of persons who have taken their degree in law are not practicing but are employed in the various departments of Government. According to the 1961 Census, the number of legal practitioners and advisers in the district was 270 (257 males and 13 females).

There are four bar associations in the district, one at the district headquarters and one each at the tahsil headquarters at Nakodar, Nawanshahar and Phillaur.

Engineering Services – Engineers occupy an important position in the economic development of the district. They attend to various development works such as opening of canals, construction of buildings and roads and installation of electricity. The details of the persons employed in engineering services in various Government Department have been given in Chapter XIII, ‘Other Departments’. According to the 1961 Census, the number of architects, engineers and the surveyors in the district was 580.

Artists, Writers and Related Workers- According to the 1961 Census, the number of artists, writers and related workers in the district was 531.

(c) Personal and Domestic Services

Personal Services

These services include barbers, washermen, launderers, dry cleaners, tailors carpenters, blacksmiths, weavers, cobblers, water carriers, etc. Their brief description is given below:

Barbers-They form an important occupational class. The traditional barbers used to visit the homes of their customers and receive payment in kind. With the passage of time, this practice gradually has died out in the urban areas but is still in vogue in most of the villages in the district. Apart from barbering, the barbers (nais) in rural areas also act as messengers for conveying messages on the occasions of marriage and death etc. They are not, however, paid separately for this service except when the message is a happy one, such as a marriage announcement, which also beings a gift of money or food from the recipient of the message. The nai has an important role at the time of marriage. In a boy’s marriage he accompanies the marriage party (barat) and serves the members of the barat at the bride’s village. At the girl’s marriage, he supervises the arrangements for the guests and also acts as a messenger. The wife of barber, called nain, does some sort of periodical hair clearing and hair dressing of the women folk of the families to which the barber is attached.

In the urban areas, hair dressing saloons are becoming popular. Generally, the barbers charge Re 1 to Re 1.50 for a hair cut and 50 paise for a shave. The charges are lower in rural areas.

The barbers in the towns have formed their unions to look after their interest. Tuesday is usually observed as holiday by them

The total number of barbers including hair dressers, beauticians and related workers in the district, according to the 1961 Census, was 1624 out of which 529 were in urban areas.

Washerman- They also occupy an important place among the miscellaneous occupations of the district. The total number of launderers, dry cleaners and pressers in the district, according to the 1961 Census, was 1132. These also included laundrymen, washermen and dhobis.

The good laundries are mostly located in urban areas. This business is becoming popular since launderers are more prompt and efficient as compared to washermen.

The laundry business has adversely affected the washermen. Washing charges vary from 25 to 30 paise and pressing 10 to 15 paise depending on the size of the clothes. In the village almost all dhobis and in towns a few of them get the clothes washed by members of their families.

The dry cleaning shops are confined almost to the urban areas. Their charges vary from Rs. 4 to Rs. 5 for the dry cleaning of a woollen/terlene suit.

Tailors-The total number of tailors, cutters, furries and related workers in the district , according to the 1961 Census, was 7185. Out of them 1947 were working in the urban areas.

The old practice of the darz calling on the customers, though on the decline, still exists in some rural areas to some extent. In the towns, on the other hand, people usually go to the tailor, unless he is called on occasions like marriage, etc. They generally congregate near the cloth shops, some of them setting up their machines in the front verandah or somewhere on the premises of the cloth shop itself. Many practise their trade in rooms rented in the residential areas where it is easy for them to meet customers and satisfy their personal tastes and fancies in the matter of dress. Some tailors own their own machines and run their own business. Some are employed by the owners of shops or machines and are paid regular wages.

Another novel feature about tailoring is that in villages and towns tailoring is done in houses by young ladies. The members of the neighbouring houses approach them for stitching works.

Carpenters-The carpenters make and repair wooden structures, doors, windows, chairs and other building fixtures. The village carpenters make ploughs, carts and other agricultural and domestic articles. According to the 1961 Census, the number of carpenters, joiners , cabinet makers, coopers and related workers in the district was 6243.

Self employed Persons- The persons who work for themselves with direct control over the work are called self employed persons-such as weavers, shoemakers, potters, etc.

Domestic Services

Persons included in this group belong to various categories. They include domestic servants like cooks, housekeepers, maids and other related workers. Most of the domestic servants are illiterates. According to the 1961 Census, their total number in the district was 2561.

The domestic servants are mostly employed by businessmen and other well to do persons. The wage rates of domestic servants are less attractive when compared to those in other occupations. Some are part time workers. The part time servants work as utensil cleaners, washermen/washerwomen and gardners (malis) etc. The wages of domestic servants in whole time employment are Rs. 40 to Rs. 50 per mensem in addition to free meals and clothing.

In urban areas, female domestic servants (mais) are engaged for whole time and part time employment . Generally, women belonging to poor families adopt this profession to supplement their income. In many cases, a maid servant works in more than one house hold, each one of them claiming only a few hours of her labour. They are engaged in washing of clothes, sweeping of houses, cleaning of utensils, cooking etc. Such part time female servants are paid Rs. 10 to Rs. 30 per mensem in addition to sundry facilities provided by their employees.

(d) Miscellaneous Services

Transport Services- Road transport is plying an important role in developing State’s economy and influencing cultural life. The position of these services has improved much with the expansion of roads since the independence of the country in 1947. There is one Punjab Roadways Depot in the district Jullundur¹.

According to the 1971 Census, 16313 persons were engaged in transport, storage and communication services in the district. Besides this, a good number of persons are engaged as rickshaw pullers, rickshaw drivers, tonga drivers, scooter rickshaw drivers, tampo drivers etc. The Government give loans to the rickshaw pullers to purchase their own rickshaws. Banks also advance loans to scooter rickshaw drivers to purchase their own vehicles. According to the 1961 Census, the number of cycle rickshaw drivers and rickshaw pullers was 1683. Animal driven carts and hand driven carts also ply in large numbers.

There is a rapid decline in the use of tongas due to the emergence of the cycle rickshaws and scooter rickshaws.

1. Another Punjab Roadways Depot was opened at Nawanshahar in 1976

CHAPTER IX

ECONOMIC TRENDS

v Livelihood Pattern

v Standard of living

v Employment Situation

v Vocational Guidance Unit

Livelihood Pattern and General level of Prices and Wages and Standard of Living

(a) Livelihood Pattern – According to 1991 census, the population of the Jalandhar District was 20,26,787 out of which 29.33 percent is engaged in various economic pursuits against 31.44 percent of the State as a whole. Out of the total main workers of the district, 22.63 percent are cultivators, 22.19 percent are agricultural workers, 3.99 percent are engaged in house hold industry and 52.09 percents are other workers. The percentage of workers of the district to the total population increased marginally from 29.29 in 1981 to 29.33 in 1991.

On the basis of economic activity pursued, the main workers are classified in to the following categories:-

1 Cultivators 2 Agriculture Labours 3 Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting & Plantation, orchards and allied activities 4 Mining and quarrying 5 (a) Manufacturing, Processing, Servicing and repairs in household industry (b)Manufacturing, Processing, repairs other then household industry 6 construction 7 Trade and commerce 8 Transport, Storage & Communications 9 Other Services Total workers 10 Marginal workers 11 Non workers Total													Classification of workers according to their Professions
6,80,520	3,15,116	841	3,64,563	35,047	13,102	20,883	10,423	34,164	7,201	3	1,975	1,13,429		1,28,336	Males	Rural	Number of Persons according to 1991 Census
6,17,465	5,91,983	10,786	14,696	5,120	82	493	28	827	674	--	137	6,377		958	females
3,86,573	1,89,889	238	1,99,446	46,825	14,332	54,969	7,619	48,054	9,710	16	1,342	11,585		4,994	Males	Urban
3,42,229	3,25,662	895	15,672	10,996	413	1,414	121	1,069	812	--	117	526		204	females
10,67,093	5,02,005	1,079	5,64,009	81,872	24,434	75,852	18,042	82,218	16,911	19	3,317	1,25,014		1,33,330	Males	Total
9,59,694	9,17,645	11,681	30,368	16,116	495	1,907	140	1,896	1,486	--	254	6,903		1,162	females

Rices.- In order to assess the economic condition of the people belonging to a particular region, prices play an important role. The average retail price of main agriculture commodities in the Jalandhar District during 1979, 1984 and 1994 to are given below :

Sr. No.	1997	1984	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994
1 wheat 2 Rice 3 Moong 4 Mash 5 Gram 6 Massar 7 Potato 8 onion	1.39 1.81 4.64 4.44 2.72 3.45 073 1.74	1.81 3.61 6.54 6.65 5.38 5.87 1.62 1.72	2.59 4.90 10.16 10.19 9.89 10.15 2.21 2.94	2.61 5.20 11.60 10.87 9.99 10.83 2.72 4.11	3.20 6.00 11.82 11.24 10.33 12.81 3.21 5.01	3.70 6.15 13.75 12.87 10.51 12.67 2.80 3.13	3.67 7.03 14.83 13.10 13.44 13.37 3.37 5.69	4.32 9.50 16.90 17.00 17.83 16.70 3.60 5.09

(Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, 1979, 1984 and 1989 to 1990)

Wages.- The wage policy in our country has been governed by the constitution of India. Wages are remuneration paid to a worker in lieu of work done by him. In Jalandhar District, wages to agricultural labourers and skilled labourers are paid in cash. The rate of pay fixed per day per month for different type of labourers/workers in Government employment in Jalandhar District during 1993-94, are given in Appendix I .

The wages paid to agricultural and skilled workers (men) in the Jalandhar District during 1974, 1979, 1989 to 1994 are given in the following table :-

Wages paid to Agricultural and skilled labourers (Men ) Jalandhar District during 1974, 1979, 1984 and 1989 to 1994.

1974 1979 1984 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994	Year ending 30 June
Dayalpur Dayalpur Hardo Pharalr .. .. .. .. .. ..	Villages
5.11 8.50 16.59 26.00 28.89 36.89 .. 42.25 48.25	For ploughing	Agricultural Labour Skilled Labour
5.11 9.06 15.25 26.00 28.89 36.40 .. 42.25 53.67	For sowing
5.11 8.95 .. 26.00 26.38 42.00 .. .. ..	For weeding
7.50 10.93 14.90 26.00 38.33 35.50 .. 47.80 65.25	For harvesting
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..	For picking of cotton
5.11 8091 15.14 26.00 27.59 36.42 .. 41.27 47.42	For agricultural operation
13.30 23.83 29.81 52.58 62.25 73.92 .. 80.00 87.50	blacksmith
13.30 23.83 29.71 52.67 62.25 73.92 .. 80.00 87.50	carpenter

Standard of living .- Standard of living refers to the amount of necessaries, comforts and luxuries while a person avails. It also depends on the size of family and taste and preference of the members to find out the items of income and expenditure. The Economic and Statistical Organization, Punjab conducted a survey¹ regarding the family budgets of selected cultivators in the State with bullock-operated as well as tractor operated holding during the year 1992-93. During the survey, family budgets of forty-seven peasant proprietor’s having bullock-operated holding and fifty one tractor-operated holding were studied. The aim of the survey was to find out the return acquiring to the cultivators and to find out the extent to which the goods consumed were produced in the farm or purchased from outside. the finding of survey pertaining to income and expenditure of four families (bullock-operated) of villages viz. Partap Pura Bains, Raipur Arian and Uggi in the Jalandhar District are shown in the following table:-

Name of the family/ village	Income (Rs.)	Expenditure (Rs.)	Surplus/ deficit (Rs.)
Partap Pura Bains Raipur Arian Uggi	98,814 1,73,923 96,773 92,888	38,571 99,749 52,834 50,785	+60,243 +74,174 +43,939 +42,130

The above figures show that the families of the village Partap Pura, Bains, Raipur Arian and Uggi had surplus budget. The survey also showed that on an average, a peasant proprietor’s family (bullock Operated holding ) in the Punjab spent 49 percent of its income on food, 11 percent on housing, 9 percent on clothing, 6 percent on fuel, 10 percent on social ceremonies, 3 percent on traveling, 2 percent each on medicine, lighting, education, amusement and luxuries, religion and miscellaneous.

The goods consumed by the families in these villages were as under :

Name of the family/ village	Total Expenditure (Rs.)	Supplied by the farm (Rs.)	percentage	Purchased from outside (Rs)	percentage
Partap Pura Bains Raipur Arian Uggi	38,571 99,749 52,834 50,758	19,029 41,620 21,416 21,416	49 42 41 43	19,542 58,129 31,418 29,045	51 58 59 57

The families of (tractor-operated) four villages, viz. Partap Pura, Bains, Raipur Arian and Uggi in the Jalandhar District were selected for survey during 1992-93. The findings of the tractor operated cultivator’s survey pertaining to income and expenditure are given below :

Name of the family/ village	Income (Rs.)	Expenditure (Rs.)	Surplus/ deficit (Rs.)
Partap Pura Bains Raipur Arian Uggi	2,54,621 2,94,041 1,81,420 2,22,776	81,815 64,874 43,235 51,802	+1,72,806 +2,31,167 +1,38,185 +1,70,974

The above figures show that the families of these villages had surplus budget. The survey also showed that on an average, a peasant proprietor’s family (Tractor operated holding ) in the Punjab spent 48 percent of its income on food, 19 percent on housing, 11 percent on clothing, 5 percent on fuel and social ceremonies, 3 percent on traveling, 2 percent each on medicine, amusement and luxuries, and miscellaneous and 1 percent each on lighting, education and religion.

Name of the family/ village	Total Expenditure (Rs.)	Supplied by the farm (Rs.)	percentage	Purchased from outside (Rs)	percentage
Partap Pura Bains Raipur Arian Uggi	81,815 64,874 43,235 51,802	35,748 20,005 19,838 13,160	44 31 46 25	45,067 42,869 21,397 36,642	56 69 54 75

In 1992-93, the per capita income of Jalandhar District at the then current price was Rs 10,580 as compared to RS. 11,106 of the Punjab State as a whole. The district ranked 12^th in the State and had lower per capita income then the State as a whole.

Employment Situation.- The employment exchange at Jalandhar was established in 1946. The main function of the employment exchange are to register applications; to provide employment assistance ; to impart vocational guidance to the youth; and to collect employment market information to assess employment trends.

As a result of increase in the volume of work at Sub-Regional Employment Exchange, Jalandhar, two town employment exchanges, one at Nawashahr and other at Nakodar were opened at 1975 and 1982, respectively.

The work done by the Sub-Regional Employment Exchange, Jalandhar, Town Employment Jalandhar, Town Employment Exchange, Nawashahr and Town Employment exchange, Nakodar are given in the statement as under:-

Working of Sub-Regional Employment Exchange, Jalandhar during 1984-85 and 1989-90 to 1993-94

Year	No. of registration during the year	No. of applicants placed on employment during the year	Applicants live register at the end of the year	Monthly No. of employees using the exchange	No. of vacancies being carried over at the end of the year
1984-85 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94	16,998 19,802 17,784 11,397 8,047 5,773	527 929 951 612 440 328	37,891 53,784 67,075 51,390 45,942 32,504	265 221 227 212 128 128	767 999 1,123 950 1,104 686

(Source: Sub-Regional Employment Officer, Jalandhar)

working of Town Employment Exchange, Nawashahr 1984 and 1989 to 1993

Year	No. of registration during the year	No. of applicants placed on employment during the year	Applicants on the live register at the end of the year	Monthly No. of employees using the exchange	No. of vacancies being carried over at the end of the year
1984 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993	3,017 2,790 2,719 1,628 1,771 1,336	170 138 184 147 145 55	7,607 7,385 8,513 9,004 8,290 6,076	2 2 2 28 25 28	10 21 54 11 17 38

(Source: Employment Officer, Nawashahr)

working of Town Employment Exchange, Nakodar during 1984-85 and 1989-90 to 1993-94

Year	No. of registration during the year	No. of applicants placed on employment during the year	Applicants on the live register at the end of the year	Monthly No. of employees using the exchange	No. of vacancies being carried over at the end of the year
1984-85 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94	1,949 2,256 1,296 1,297 1,084 939	199 120 59 107 73 24	4,096 6,340 7,121 7,718 7,280 5,999	19 9 30 17 14 9	6 27 31 13 13 5

(Source: Employment Officer, Nakodar)

Vocational Guidance Unit.- The Vocational Guidance Unit was started in the district in 1962. It has been staidly disseminating occupational information and vocational guidance to the deserving cases especially to the young student community. Career conferences are organized in order to make people conscious for the proper planning of career.

The work done by the Vocational Guidance Unit in Jalandhar District, during 1985-86, 1998-90 to 1993-94 is given in the table 1.

Extent of Employment in various Categories of Trades.

The volume of employment in various industries and occupation in public and private sector in Jalandhar District is given in the Table –II.

TABLE –I

Working Vocational Guidance Unit in the Sub-Regional Employment Exchange, Jalandhar during 1985-86 and 1989-90 to 1993-94

1 2 3	Serial No.
No. of individuals provided group guidance No. of persons given individual guidance No. of persons given individual information	Unit
1,128 73 1,575	1985-85
1,302 168 2,167	1989-90
916 289 2,950	1990-91
1,736 231 2,250	1991-92
737 189 881	1992-93
649 82 1,191	1993-94

(Source : Sub-Regional Employment Officer, Jalandhar )

TABLE II

Extent of Employment in Various Categories of Trades during 1979-80, 1984-85 and 1989-90 to 1993-94

	1 Manufacturing 2 Trade and commerce 3 Transport storage and communication 4 Services	PRIVATE SECTOR		1 Manufacturing 2 Trade and commerce 3 Transport storage and communication 4 Services		Industry Division
442	107 304 25 6		636	57 195 8 376	1979-80	PUBLIC SECTOR	No. of Establishment
498	123 340 29 6		729	61 242 14 412	1984-85
537	140 355 34 8		812	67 295 14 436	1989-90
570	159 370 34 7		862	66 300 16 480	1990-91
662	448 38 7 169		884	13 305 17 549	1991-92
737	516 38 7 176		885	14 305 17 549	1992-93
706	493 34 7 172		876	12 295 17 552	1993-94
19,437	3,750 14,610 617 460		50,517	7,665 6,119 5,342 31,401	1979-80		No. of Employees
18,720	4,017 13,559 667 467		58,687	8,163 8,173 6,305 36,046	1984-85
21,874	4,563 15,978 844 489		66,622	9,340 9,072 5,962 42,248	1989-90
21,932	4,845 15,717 896 474		67,599	8,825 8,387 6,928 43,459	1990-91
24,221	17,534 1,007 469 5,211		69,155	3,213 9,633 7,021 50,288	1991-92
26,052	19,241 1,009 461 5,341		66,752	2,447 8,128 6,957 49,220	1992-93
26,650	19,642 10,87 462 5,465		67,401	2,857 8,189 6,915 49,440	1993-94

(Source : Sub-Regional Employment Officer, Jalandhar )

APPENDIX – I

Wage Rates Different Types of Labourers/Workers per day/per Month fixed in Jalandhar District during 1993-94

Serial Category of Laborers/Workers No.		Rates of Pay
		Per Month (Rs)	Per Day (Rs)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69	Dak Munshi Waterman/Water Carrier Sweeper Mali Chowkidar Cooli Khalasi Beldar Aya Unskilled Labour Male/Female Sewerman Peon Trollyman Aligner Mazdoor for Agriculture without meals Mazdoor for Agriculture with Meals Mazdoor for Spray Kitchen Servant Server Oilman Cartman Survey Khalasi Hammer Man Cane Weaver Tent Pitcher Barbara Mochi Dhobi/Washerman Skilled Labourer Plumber Sawman Motor and Pump Attendant Oil Engine Driver Assistance Photographer Welder Moulder Polisher White Washer Bhisti and Masak Tailor with Machine Work Supervisor Cook with free food (meals & tea) & lodging Cook without food and lodging Assistant Cook with food Assistant Cook without food Halwai Carpenter Ist Class Carpenter IInd Class Blacksmith Ist Class Blacksmith IInd Class Mason Ist Class Mason IInd Class Tin Smith Painter Ist Class Painter IInd Class Pipe Fitter Fitter/Turner Driver for Heavy Vehicle Driver for Light Vehicle Road Roller Driver Pump Generator Retired Patwari Man with Camel Man with a pair of Bullock without meal Man with a pair of Bullock with meal Electrician Man with Donkey Clerk cum Typist (Matric) Clerk cum Typist (Graduate)	1050.40 1050.40 1050.40 1050.40 1050.40 1050.40 1139.40 1050.40 1050.40 1050.40 1050.40 1050.40 1050.40 1050.40 -- -- -- 440.40 -- 1098.40 1098.40 1139.40 1139.40 1139.40 1098.40 1098.40 1098.40 1098.40 1304.40 1238.40 1139.40 1139.40 1139.40 1139.40 1139.40 1139.40 1238.40 1238.40 1238.40 1130.40 1230.40 936.40 1276.40 854.40 986.40 1276.40 1730.40 1426.80 1730.40 1358.40 1604.40 1425.40 1098.40 1604.40 1426.80 1353.40 1353.40 1353.40 1230.40 1353.40 1098.40 1353.40 1721.20 1721.20 1353.40 1353.40 1353.40 1180.40 1275.40	40.50 40.50 40.50 40.50 40.50 40.50 44.00 40.50 40.50 40.50 40.50 40.50 40.50 40.50 42.10 38.20 40.50 -- 40.50 42.50 42.50 44.00 44.00 44.00 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 49.30 47.75 44.00 44.00 44.00 44.00 44.00 44.00 47.75 47.75 47.75 44.00 47.40 -- -- 32.00 38.10 49.25 66.70 55.00 66.70 52.20 61.90 55.35 42.40 61.00 55.40 52.20 52.20 52.20 47.40 52.20 42.40 52.20 66.40 66.40 52.20 52.20 52.20 45.60 47.40

(Source : Deputy Commissioner, Jalandhar )

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