INDUSTRIES
v Small
Scale Industries
|
v Village
Industries
|
(a) Old Time Industries and Industrial Development of Ludhiana. – The district cannot boast of any well established old time industry. Even in medieval period, Ludhiana neither formed the seat of provincial government nor served as the district headquarters. As late as in the reign of Akbar, Ludhiana could not merely claim the status of a Mahal. Sirhind, on account of traditional importance of the place, continued to eclipse Ludhiana and environs. In the eighteenth century Raikot became the seat of the famous house of the Rais. Handicraft around Raikot must have enjoyed the patronage of the Rais. Similarly certain handicrafts must have flourished around Qila Raipur, the seat of cis-Sutluj chiefs. By the middle of 19th century, with the end of the political power of the Rais and the majority of the Cis-Satluj chiefs, handicrafts associated with Raikot and Qila Raipur became almost extinct.
After the annexation of the Punjab in 1849 A.D., Ludhiana and jagraon had emerged as notable towns. Machhiwara and Bahlolpur were also old time centres responsible for maintaining the trade and commerce in the area. In Ludhiana, woolen industry had a start on a very small-scale. Woollen chadars and shawls were manufactured by Kashmiri refugees who had migrated and settled there consequent upon acute economic distress in the valley in the thirties of the 19th century. Superior pashmina shawls were also manufactured at Ludhiana. These were exported outside the district and even to foreign countries, e.g., France. Lungis and patkas were also manufactured. Embroidery work was done on patkas, pieces of cloth imported from Hoshiarpur. Owing to the stationing of military at Ludhiana the requirements of items of equipment, such as laces, badges and kullas were met locally. Naturally it gave impetus to handicrafts. Alongside the handloom industry in Ludhiana made rapid progress. Shirting cloth, popularly known as ‘Ludhiana’, was famous throughout the Punjab.
Early in the present century hosiery machines for kintting socks were installed at Ludhiana. The step facilitated the localization of this industry. The emigrant Kashmiri labour had maintained the importance of handicrafts by manufacturing hand-knit gloves and other woolen accessories, viz., chadars, shawls and namdas, etc. After the World War I, foundry industry also made some headway. For casting work Ludhiana was earlier dependent on Lahore, but the number of units engaged in foundry work was fast increasing due to the localization of hosiery industry, for which these units did minor and major repair work.
Ludhiana was also well known for the manufacture of desi juti (country shoes), which were famous for lightness and durability. Local manufactures mostly depended on local raw material collected from tanners. Desi jutis manufactured in Ludhiana were mainly exported. Even after the introduction of western-type shoes the industry did not suddenly disappear though it lost its past speciality of lightness and durability on account of competition from outside. Even now-a-days desi jutis (upper of chrome/phauri) are manufactured for export to other districts where there is considerable demand for the traditional type of foot-water.
Before partition hosiery and foundry industries were established on sound footing. Handloom industry was replaced by power-loom industry. The other old time industries faced elimination as a result of growing popularity of machine made goods.
Earlier Jagraon formed a part of Rai territory. By the middle of 19th century ivory work industry had been established at the place. Certain Quaraishi professional turnes (churigars) were engaged in thd manufacture of ivory bangles mainly worn by the brides at the wedding. The farm-carts required for transport were also manufactured as the raw material was available locally in abundance. Gradually ivory work in the town lost importance. In the beginning of the twentieth century the Grain Market was established in Jagraon town (1906) due to heavy agricultural produce in the surrounding areas. With the increase of cotton crop grown around Jagraon, cotton ginning industry was started at the station. Wooden-carts continued to be manufactured though to a lesser extent. ‘Sirkis’- reed covers were also manufactured, but their demand diminished due to the construction of pucca houses. After partition of the Punjab in 1947 the cotton ginning industry continued unabated. During the fifties agricultural implements also began to be manufactured in Jagraon.
Macchiwara, an ancient town, enjoyed a good deal of importance in the 19th century. Khand and bura were manufactured by Khatris of the area. As a result of improved transport facilities, opening of railways and import of crystal sugar from abroad in the beginning of the 20th century, the importance of this local industry considerably lessened. The opening of sugar mills in India gave the industry a further jolt. Finally as a result of the migration of Muslims from Machhiwara after partition the khand bura industry completely stopped.
Bahlolpur, too, was a flourishing town up to the middle of the 19th century. Muhammadan weavers were manufacturing lungis and patkas for local needs and also selling outside the town. With the sudden set back to the town in 1947 A.D. the weaving industry also suffered. It became practically extinct consequent upon migration of Muhammandans to Pakistan.
Khanna itself was a small town ; but the area around was well known for growing cotton. Cotton was marketed from Khanna and transported with great difficulty on bullock-carts and then by river to Karachi and overseas. With the opening of the railways and starting of the cotton-ginning mill at the place in 1905 the hurdle of transport was removed. In the third decade of the current century cultivators of the area switched over from cotton to groundnut, further facilitated the opening of the oil mills. Consequently, oil and cotton gaining mills were started in the area. The situation of Khanna on G.T. Road has induced the enterprising businessmen to set up steel re-rolling industry. At the time of partition there were only 4 oil and cotton ginning mills and one steel re-rolling mill with promising expansion chances.
The First Five-Year Plan (1951-56) was an agricultural plan, but the Second and Third Five-Year Plans had a distinct industrial bias. During the Second Five-Year Plan period, Government of India surveyed the industrial potential of the country and paid special attention to the development of industries still in the stage of infancy. These industries were afforded protection by restricting imports and in certain cases imports were stopped altogether. These steps were coupled with other incentive benefits, viz., by giving cheap land for factories and advancing loans to the industrialists. The Second Five-Year Plan period proved to be a boon for the rapid development of the existing industries and also for opening of new industries. Industrial Areas ‘A’ and ‘B’ of Ludhiana developed enormously during this period and many new industries, viz., cycle-parts, sewing-machines, machine-tools, diesal engines and spare motor-parts (chessis parts only) were developed and established on sound footing during this period. In the Third Five-Year Plan period in addition to the aforesaid industries, woolen textile, hosiery and wool spinning industries registered remarkable development. Side by side Government continued the policy of state-aid to industries and advancement of loans, etc. The Government of India also allowed the import of essential machinery on the recommendations of the State Government.
In order to provide facility of grading, sampling and precision-most essential for maintaining the required standard of manufactures- the State Government opened the Quality Marketing Centres for textiles and machine-tools. To meet the shortage of trained technical personnel, the State Government started the Industrial Training Institute. The Government of India did not lag behind in affording facilities and opened the Industrial Training School for providing technical hands. They also opened Directorate of National Productivity Council and Small Industries Service Institute at Ludhiana. The favourable circumstances and sustained efforts of new entrepreneur have made Ludhiana the premier industrial city in the State, particularly in the small-scale sector.
(b) State aid to Industries. – The Punjab Government has given a very high priority to schemes of industrial development. The industrial base of State’s economy expanded considerably during the 15-year period covered by the first three Five-Year Plans from 1951to 1966. in the Fourth Five-Year Plan about 6 per cent of the State’s outlay is being spent on industry as compared to about 5 per cent average of all the States in the country.
The Government has undertaken to help industrialisation and industrial activities in various ways. As an incentive to the new industrial ventures which may be set up in and around the approved focal points, the Government offers concessions, regarding land, finance and capital, power, taxation, fesibility studies, preference in store purchase and building materials. Besides, the Department of Industries provides financial assistance for the development of industries in the form of loans and grants (subsidies and grants-in-aid) to the industrialists under the Punjab State Aid to Industries Act, 19351.
1. The Punjab State Aid to Industries Act, 1935, was amended
suitably after 1947 for advancing loans up to Rs 1,000 against a certificate of
credit-worthiness in the case of village artisans and craftsmen.
The Punjab Financial Corporation
provides financial assistance to large and medium-scale industries. The State Bank of India also advances loans
to small-scale industrialists against the security of raw material, finished
goods, etc.
Other measures taken for the promotion of industries in the district are :
Supply of Machinery on Hire-Purchase Basis.- The National Small Industries Corporation, an agency founded and controlled by Government of India, supplies machinery to small-scale units on hire-purchase basis under easy terms on the recommendations of the State Government. The cost of the machinery and equipment is realised in convenient instalments spread over a number of years, after an initial payment of 20-40 per cent of the total amount.
1. The amounts thus advanced in Ludhiana District, during the ten years from 1956-57 to 1966-67, are given below :
|
Year |
Loan |
Subsidies and grant- in-aid |
|
|
Rs |
Rs |
|
1956-57 |
23,06,600 |
3,700 |
|
1957-58 |
7,24,700 |
1,000 |
|
1958-59 |
4,10,900 |
1,500 |
|
1959-60 |
2,86,725 |
- |
|
1960-61 |
2,81,800 |
2,000 |
|
1961-62 |
2,51,300 |
3,000 |
|
1962-63 |
3,16,000 |
3,300 |
|
1963-64 |
2,38,500 |
2,000 |
|
1964-65 |
5,75,200 |
- |
|
1965-66 |
28,32,220 |
- |
|
1966-67 |
11,57,200 |
400 |
Supply of Raw Materials. – The
Industries Department arranges procurement and distribution of raw materials
like copper and zinc, etc. to quota holders and deserving industries.
Marketing Assistance. – To
provide marketing facilities to cottage and small-scale industries the State
Government has started a number of emporia.
The Government also organizes industrial exhibitions from time to time
at suitable places inside the State and outside it.
Quality Marketing Scheme. - After the partition of 1947, the Punjab has
made remarkable progress in the development of small-scale industries. The products of small-scale industries,
however, lacked uniformity in respect of quality, precision and
standardisation, since these units could not afford to install modern equipment
for testing raw materials, semi-finished and finished products, etc. To overcome these difficulties, the State
Government embarked upon an ambitious programme of providing facilities for
manufacturing, finishing and testing their products as well as for technical
guidance to standardize them.
The Quality Marketing Scheme was
thus launched during the Second Five-Year Plan (1956-61) and was further
extended in the Third Five-Year Plan (1961-66). Under this scheme, the manufacturers are provided free testing
facilities, technical guidance, manufacturing data, designs and
specifications. The products
manufactures according to standard specifications laid down under the scheme
are quality marked.
At Ludhiana the following Quality Marking Centres2
have been set up for light engineering
products, machine-tools, hosiery-good, dyeing and calico printings:-
(1)
Quality Marking Centre for Textile Goods.- Quality Marking Scheme was also introduced for textile goods with a
view to creating a special taste in the buyer to purchase only standard goods.
To begin with ,in 1956 ,two separate centers were started at Ludhiana, viz,
(1)Quality Marking Centre for Hosiery Goods, and (ii) Quality Marking Centre
for Dyeing and Printing. These were amalgamated in June,1964, under the name
Quality Marking Centre for Textile Goods, Ludhiana.
Among
textiles, woolen hosiery is main industry of Ludhiana. This Centre has got on
list 298 firms and certifies the quality of hosiery goods produced by them for civil,
export and defence supplies.3
Samples of approved qualities of various
types of hosiery goods, covered by the scheme, are kept in the custody by the
Centre, and specifications are laid down for such products.
The
Centre has a well –Equipped modern textiles testing laboratory, controlled by
well-qualified technical staff. Annually over 25,000 type of tests are
performed and goods worth over rupees one crore are quality marked.
2. The sphere and
scope of quality Marking, already existing in Ludhiana, will be expanded and
rupees two lakhs will be spent in the Fourth Plan Period.
3.During the year
1965-66, goods, both textiles and hosiery, worth Rs. 1,12,06,410 were quality
marked by this centre. The important hosiery are gents’ slipovers,
pullovers,cardigans, jersies, gents and ladies, knitted-coats, socks, stocking,
gloves and machine knitted children’s
sweaters. Besides, various kinds of printed textiles, handloom cloth and other
handloom products, which are according to specifications, are also quality
marked.
(ii) Government Quality Marking
Centre for Engineering Goods.- It was set up in 1962 for quality marking of
engineering goods, export inspection work, and inspection of standard goods
purchased by the Controller of Stores, Punjab.
The
Centre affords the following facilities to the small scale industrial units
under its jurisdiction free of charge. These benefits are also available to
non-members (i.e. units not registered with the Centre) on nominal charges
fixed by Government:-
(i)
Testing of raw material, semi-finished and finished
products, as per standard specifications laid down for them, for the purpose of
approval of samples and their certification as standard goods
(ii)
Technical guidance
regarding production of standard goods conforming to the desired
specifications, selection of proper raw materials, testing and standardization
methods and techniques.
(iii)
Framing and supplying of
standard specifications to the interested parties and advice for the adoption
of the same to other units registered with the Centre.
(iv)
Provision of proper
facilities for the supply of design/ drawings and experimentation facilities
for producing new types of goods/equipments under the free supervision of
property qualified staff.
(v)
Free publicity to
quality- marked products and their manufactures.
(vi)
Provision of expert
technical guidance for the production.
(vii)
Preparation of new
scheme in consultation with experts and experienced parties for new units to
encourage them to produce items which substitute the imported goods and to
offer all sort of technical assistance and guidance in this regard free of
charge.4
4.Particulars
of the work done by the centre up to the end of year 1965-66 are given below:
|
Particulars |
Light Engineering section |
Machine tools section |
Total |
|
Total no of parties registered up to date |
47 |
57 |
104 |
|
No of Machines quality marked during 1965-66 |
97,047 |
167 |
97,214 |
(iii) Inspection/certification
of goods meant for export.- The State
Government have, in consultation with the Department of international trade,
Government on India, undertaken inspection/certification of goods meant for
export from the state, through the agency of Quality Marking Centres set up for
various types of Industries.
As a
result of the activities of the Quality Marking centres and the technical
assistance rendered to the industrialists, the quality of the products has
considerably improved and the products are being gradually standardized.
Common
Service Facility/Development Scheme.- In the machine tool industry certain
spare-pars entail highly specialised skill and require up-to-date imported
machinery. The manufacturing of such parts with requisite precision and finish,
etc. is beyond the capacity of small-sale entrepreneur. Moreover, it is
uneconomical. To remove this handicap Government have set up a chain of
Development and testing Centres as well as Common Facility Centres to provide
technical assistance and common facility services to the small-scale industry.
The testing facility are made available at very norminal charges with a view to
promoting quality consciousness and development of industry.
Of
the various centres established for this purpose in the State, the following
are located in Ludhiana:-
(i)
Government
Testing and finishing Centre.
(ii)
Government Textile
Finishing Plant.
(i) Government
Testing and finishing Centre:- The organisation is one of the Common
facility centres established y the State Department of Industries in 1956,
primarily to cater to the needs of small-scale manufactures producing cycle and
sewing machine parts. The centre also serves other branches of engineering
industry like automobile, defence products, etc. It renders cheap service in
heat treatment of metal, electroplating, enamellings and spray painting of
engineering goods, chemical analysis, mechanical testing and metallography, and
technical advice and other services to the industries in the Punjab and the
Adjoining States. The Centre is equipped with up-to-date machinery and helps
the engineering industry in products. It also assists the industry by giving
technical advice and by helping small-scale units to establish their own
plants.5
5. During 1965-66, the centre
rendered services to 5,617,paties and realised a sum of Rs. 187,287,as
processing changes,
The Centre is under a General Manager, assisted by one
Senior Technical Officer, one Testing Officer, two Chargemen, two Technical
Officers, besides about forty members of the technical and non-technical staff.
(ii) Government Textile Finishing Plant6:- Located in the fort premises at Ludhiana, this Plant
was established under the Common Facility Service Scheme in 1960-61 to meet the
long-standing demand of the local textile industry for technical assistance in
bleaching, dyeing and finishing of textile and hosiery goods for which
small-scale units could not afford necessary facilities. Upto June, 14, 1964, it remained attached to
the Government Institute of Dyeing, Printing and Hosiery Technology,
Ludhiana. The Plant was separated from
the Institute in February, 1965. It
provides facilities to all small units which are neither able to install such
heavy plants for getting their products processed, nor are able to get their
goods finished from far off places like Amritsar, etc., at exorbitant charges.
Demonstrations are given to
hosiery/textile industrialists to make them understand the modern techniques in
dyeing, bleaching and finishing of textile goods. Besides, textile factories
are visited and their owners are advised to improve the quality of goods on
modern scientific lines.
Other Organisations for development of
Industries. – Besides the above
mentioned common service facility/development centres working in the district,
there exist the following organisations for the promotion of industries in the
district :-
(i) Small
Industries Service Institute, Ludhiana ;
(ii)
Mechanical Engineering Research and Development Organisation, Ludhiana ;
and
(iii) Ludhiana
Productivity Council, Ludhiana.
(i)
Small Industries Service Institute. – Set up by Government of India in 1965, with 3 extension centres in the
different parts of the region, the small Industries Service Institute,
Ludhiana, has jurisdiction over the Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Union
Territory of Chandigarh.
The scope of the industrial extension
service provided by the Institute included technical counselling, training,
preparation and distribution of technical literature in the form of technical
bulletins, drawings, and designs, economic information service, industrial
management advice, marketing, rendering common facilities in the workshop and
laboratories of the Institute and its Extension Centres.
One of the major contributions made by these services
is the improvement in the quality and finish of the goods produced by several
industries. The second important
feature of the work of the Institute is the shift in emphasis from the
diversifications of technical counselling to intensive work on a few selected
units to assist them to reach a stage of standardisation so that these may
serve as model units.
6. The Plant is
under a Technical Manager, assisted by one Bolier Attendant-cum-Mechanic, one
Finishing Technician, one Dyeing Technician, one Bleaching Technician, one
Fitter, one Store Keeper, one Boiler Attendant-cum-fireman, besides other
ministerial and miscellaneous staff.
The efforts of the Small Industries Service Institute for evolving new industrial techniques and improving the quality of industrial products of the small-scale industrial sector has produced wholesome impact on the functioning of the industrial units in Ludhiana. As a result of these efforts, the products of some of the machine tool manufacturers at Ludhiana have achieved Grade I Standard of the Directorate General, Supply and Disposals, Government of India.
(ii) Mechanical Engineering Research and Development Organisation,
Ludhiana. – Mechanical engineering comes in the forefront of applied
economic research, since every production process or transport service depends
mainly upon equipment, tools and organisation techniques developed by
mechanical engineering. The engineering
industries provide the backbone of developing agricultural production and also
increased employment to the people through essential consumer industries and
chemical plants.
With headquarters at the Central
Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, the Mechanical Engineering
Research and Development Organisation was established at Ludhiana in 1965 in
order to provide regional centres at focal points of concentrated engineering
industries in the country, to assess their research and development needs and
provide engineering technology which is not otherwise available to them. One of its three centres, that have become
operative, is at Ludhiana.7.
it started functioning in December, 1965.
The plan and programme at each centre is framed under the guidance of a Scientific Committee appointed by the Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur. The Committee for Ludhiana Centre is headed by the Technical Adviser, Government of Punjab, Chandigarh.
7. The three
centres of the Mechanical Engineering Research and Development
Organisation in the country that have
become operative are : Poona in the West, Ludhiana in the north-west and Madras
in the south.
The purpose of the organisation is to assist the
Indian Industries to overcome their technical difficulties and establish sound
production practices with acceptable quality of products.8
(iii) Food Technology
Research Centre, Ludhiana. – Raw
materials, food-stuffs, socio-economic structure and cultural patterns differ
from region to region in the country. This diversity makes it imperative that
research on foods (and their utilization) in different regions should be
undertaken to clearly understand and exploit the potentialities of various part
of the country. The establishment of
such research centres is expected to provide adequate opportunities for
on-the-spot assistance and guidance both to the growers and the related
industries through an integrated research and extension programme.
The idea of setting up of Food Technology Research
Centres in different regions materialized in October, 1954, as a result of the
deliberations of the Symposium held at the Central Food Technological Research
Institute, Mysore, one of the National Laboratories under the Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research. The
Central Food Technological Research Institute had by 1963 established Regional
Stations at Jammu, Simla, Nagpur, Luchnow, Bombay, Lodur and Trichur. Consequent upon the re-organisation of the
research programmes of the Central Food Technological Research Institute in
1964, it was decided to merge the Simla and Jammu Stations. In 1965-66, the Study Team, which visited a
number of places in Northern India for this purpose, finally selected Ludhiana
as the venue for the combined Experiment Station.
The Punjab Government has donated a 5-acre plot of land adjoining the Mechanical Engineering Research and Development Organisation, Ludhiana, and has made an initial grant of Rs 50,000 for the construction of a building. As an interim arrangement, the Government have also provided rent-free accommodation (in Gill Park, Ludhiana) for the temporary housing of the Centre, Ludhiana, from February, 27 1968. The scope of this Centre is to help initiate in the setting up and development of food industries in the region so as to meet all indigenous requirements and even aim at exports, where feasible.
8. Certain fields
of mechanical engineering have been identified as important for economic
development of this region.
Accordingly, the design and consultancy personnel of the Ludhiana Centre
work in five groups : Machine Tools, Jigs, Fictures and Gauges ; Agricultural
Diesel Engine and Automotive Parts Standardisation ; Pipeline and Pump
Engineering ; Agricultural Machinery Development ; and Industrial Plants,
Instrumentation Planning and Testing Techniques advisory group. The personnel of the organisation consists of
4 Mechanical Engineer Scientists, one Electrical Engineer Scientist, 12 diploma
holders Scientific and Technical Assistants, and 10other staff, Four German
Volunteer Engineers and a few Indian Volunteer Engineers are also working in
the design group. Shortly the personnel
will be strengthened at higher levels and research Fellowships will be
instituted in the design groups to provide opportunity for specialised studies
in the fields important for industrial development of the region. The funds of the organisation are provided
by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India. Suitable technical fees and royalties are
charged fro designs licensed and other technical services to the industry. The
organisation is being assisted by the United National Development Fund, with
the Assistance programme executed by the United Nations Educational Social and
Cultural Organisation, in respect of expert guidance, personnel, training and
specialised laboratory equipment to the tune of Rs 76,00,000.
Necessary steps are already underway to organise the
Centre, which is to cater to the needs of the food industries of the region,
consisting of the States of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and
Rajasthan. This new organisation holds
promise of rapid development in the field.
During the brief period of its working, valuable assistance has been
rendered by the Centre both to the cultivator and the industry. It is envisaged that the Centre will, in due
course of time, form the focal point of great importance not only to the food
industries but also to the farmers and the marketers.
(iv) Ludhiana Local
Productivity Council, Ludhiana. – This is one of the 47 Local
Productivity Councils formed by the National Productivity Council, (which was
established by the Government of India in February, 1958) to generate the
Productivity Council. The Local
Productivity Councils are tripartite organisations comprising employers,
workers, Government and professional
organisations.
The National Productivity Council
conducts training programmes in the fields of industrial management, industrial
relations and industrial engineering, and provides consultancy service to the
individual organisations to demonstrate the benefits of these services.
Initially the National Productivity
Council provided these service to the industries, but has now extended its area
of operation to the fields of agricultural productivity and fuel efficiency.
The National Productivity Council
provides these services through its six Regional Directorates, one of which is
located at Ludhiana. These Directorates
are manned by experts in the fields of industrial relations, industrial
engineering and industrial management, fuel efficiency and agricultural
productivity.
The jurisdiction of the National
Productivity Council, Regional Directorate, Ludhiana, covers the States of
Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Union
Territories of Chandigarh and Delhi where there are established 9 Local
Productivity Councils, of which one is at Ludhiana9.
The Regional Directorate, Ludhiana,
organizes training programmes on subjects such as Materials Management,
Marketing Management, Marketing Research, installation and operation of a
system of Cost and Budgetary Control, Programme Evaluation and Review Technique
(PERT), Work Study, Production Planning and Control, Preventive Maintenance,
Quality Control, Plant Layout and Material Handling, Wage Administration
Incentive and Job Evaluation, Organisation and Methods (O and M), cost Reduction,
Fuel Efficiency, Personnel Management and Industrial Relations, Supervisory
Development, Development of Small and Medium Scale Industries-Survey,
Feasibility, Project Planning and Management Appreciation Course, Preventive
Maintenance, Administrative Work Study, etc.
New, interesting, simple and productivity-oriented
courses on kitchen gardening, floriculture and fruit, vegetable preservation
and ‘save stored grains from pests and rodents’ have been developed in the
field of agriculture.
A number of consultancy services
have been conducted in this region regarding layout, inventory control material
management and production planning and control, etc.
9. The nine
Local Productivity Councils under the National Productivity Council, Regional Directorate, Ludhiana, are
established at Ludhiana, Amritsar, Batala, Jullundur Sonepat, Faridabad,
Jaipur, Srinagar and Delhi.
The Ludhiana Local Productivity council was
established in 1961.
(v) Punjab State Small Industries Corporation, Ltd., Chandigarh :-
Ludhiana has been selected as one of the six depots of the Punjab State Small
Industries Corporation, Ltd., set up in 1962 as a subsidiary of the Industries
Department primarily for the purpose of procurement, storage and distribution of
all types of raw materials needed by the small scale industries in the State.
(c) Industrial Training Institutes
The need for industrial training in
a developing economy like that of India cannot be overrated. Although researches in science and
technology have led to the introduction of automation in industry, it is
obvious that for successful utilization of all researches, a team of skilled
people is necessary. Their role in the
efficient working of the automatic machines and their maintenance cannot be undersestimated.
The industrial training programme,
with a view to providing skilled personnel for the factories, was initiated in
India after the World War II (1939-45) as an employment measure for the
demobilised personnel. The Government
of India established some industrial training institutes in various parts of
the country to train a few carpenters, blacksmiths, masons, linemen and wiremen
and sheet metal workers.
After independence, the concept of
establishing industrial training institutes underwent a considerable
change. It was necessary not only to
create more employment opportunities for the people but also to provide trained
personnel for industrial undertakings established or proposed in the public and
private sectors. This resulted in an
all-around expansion in the training programme.
The industrial training programme in
the Punjab also received an impetus under the Government of India’s
Programme. The Industrial Training Wing
of the State Industries Department, imparts industrial, technical and
vocational training to boys and girls through its various industrial training
institutions and schools.
The institutions, providing
technical guidance for starting new industries and imparting industrial
training, in the district are as under :
(i) Industrial Training Institute, Ludhiana ;
(ii) Government
Institute of Textile Chemistry and Knitting Technology, Ludhiana. 10
(iii) Government
Industrial School for Boys, Ludhiana ; and
(iv) Government Industrial School for Girls,
Ludhiana.
(d) Industrial Area and Estates/Focal Points
There are two Industrial Areas, viz., “A’ and ‘B’11 at Ludhiana. The area ‘A’ spreads over 161 acres and Area
‘B’ over 118 acres. These have a
provision for 1,019 plots, of which a good number have been constructed upon
and are being used by different industries.
The new Industrial Area at Dhandari
measures over 144 acres.
The scheme for the establishment of
Industrial Estates was launched in the Punjab in 1959 under the instructions of
the Government of India. The Ludhiana
Estates, the first to be started in the State, is one of the biggest and most
successful Industrial Estates in the State.
It was set up in 1959 with a view to providing suitable accommodation to
the expanding industry of Ludhiana as also power, water and transport and such
other amenities as common facility centres, collective purchase of raw
materials and sale of finished products.
The estate is 26.2 acres in area and has 223 sheds for housing small
units, categorized into three classes ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’. The main industries carried on in the Estate
are cycle-parts, sewing-machine-parts, agricultural implements, machine-tools,
motor-parts, etc.
An important item in the
Third-Five-Year Plan (1961-66) was the development of cottage and village
industries. It was also envisaged to
have a Rural Industrial Estate in each of the Community Development Blocks.12 At present, there are two Rural Industrial
Estates, one at Utalan in Samrala Block and the other at Ramgarh Sardaran in
Dehlon Block. The former has 12 sheds
while the latter has 8 sheds.
10. For a description of the Government
Institute of Textile Chemistry and Knitting Technology, Ludhiana, refer to the
chapter on ‘Education and Culture’, pp. 554-55.
11. At Ludhiana, the Industrial Area ‘B’ has
been further extended. It is called
Industrial Area ‘B’ Extension.
12. During the Fourth Five-year Plan (1969-74)
the State Government proposes to spend over a crore of rupees on different schemes
for the growth of industry in the district besides advancing loans amounting
loans amounting to Rs 80 lakhs. Rs. 90 lakhs will be spent on development of
industrial focal point of Dhandari Kalan- 4 miles from Ludhiana. The amount will be spent on providing light,
power, water-supply and construction of roads and link roads. Rupees 3 lakhs will be spent on the
development of industrial areas in Ludhiana.
Power is the most important factor
in the economic development. The sources
of power in the district comprise electricity,
diesel oil, petrol, crude oil and coal.
Wherever possible, electricity is slowly but steadily replacing the
other sources of power.
A spectacular rise in demand for
electricity witnessed in the recent past has hardly any parallels. Its emergence as an item of luxury for a few
well-to-do urbanites in the twenties of this century when the man in the street
took it to be something to be wondered at and its present demand as an item of
necessity both for urban and rural areas, which at one stage looked a far cry,
is just like a dream come true. In the
pre-Independence period its use was mainly confined to urban areas.
A complete charge in the outlook came
with Independence when gigantic programmes of execution of multipurpose river
valley projects were launched and electricity came to be known as an index of
the measure of prosperity in any region.
More and more people started discarding the age-old manual process used
both in agricultural and industrial production.
Ludhiana was for the first time
electrified in 1933. A power
sub-station was installed with a capacity of 1500 KVA with three transformers
of single phase. This sub-station was
fed by Jogindarnagar Power House (now in Himachal Pradesh). This arrangement continued upto October 30,
1953. The capacity of the sub-station
was increased to 25000 KVA on October 31, 1953. The sub-station was thus,
having three transformers of single phase plus one transformer of three
phases combined. In May, 1954, the
transformer of three phases transformer of 1500 KVA. Another transformer with a capacity of 2000 KVA was also installed. The electric current was transmitted to
Ludhiana via Jullundur.
The above position lasted upto May,
1955, when Ludhiana switched over to Ganguwal Power House instead to
Jogindernagar Power House. The capacity
was fixed at 9600 KVA. On August 2,
1956, a transformer of 2000 KVA was removed and the capacity thus reduced to
7600 KVA. Thereafter, two new transformers with a total capacity of 16000 KVA
were installed, one on February 26, 1958, and the other on May 22, 1959, and
those already existing were dismantled.
Another transformer of 8000 KVA was added on April 18, 1962. One more transformer of 16000 KVA was added
on December 19, 1963. On February 17,
1964, a transformer of 16000 KVA was replaced by that of 8000 KVA. Thus, from that date, the total capacity of
the Ludhiana station was 32000 KVA.
The transformers previously
installed on the G.T. Road were shifted to Jamalpur on the Ludhiana-Chandigarh
Road during 1967-68. The Jamalpur
station is under the Executive Engineer, Punjab State Electricity Board,
Ludhiana, who is under the administrative control of the Superintending
Engineer, Punjab State Electricity
Board, Ludhiana.
The Right Power Plant, 220 K.V
grid Sub Station, Jamalpur (8 kms from
Ludhiana on Ludhiana-Chandigarh Road) completed in March, 1969,at the cost of
about 2 crores, has further accelerated electrification of the district. The
Receiving End of the Sub-station is :-
(1)
From right wing power
plant 220 KV double circuit line;
(2) From Kotla
Ganguwal Power Complex 132 KV double circuit line;
and the Sending End is ;-
(1)
220 KV double circuit line to Sangur;
(2)
220 KV double circuit line to Jullundur ;
(3)
132 KV single circuit to Moga;
(4)
132 KV single circuit to Jullunder; and
(5) 3 Nos 33
KV feeders to Ludhiana city and its suburban (including Jagraon, Haiwara and
Doraha).
The
transfarmer capacities of the Sub-Station are:-
(1)
2 Nos 220/132 KV.90 MVA
auto transformers ;
(2)
2 Nos 132/66-33 KV.40
MVA transformers; and
(3)
2 Nos 33/11 KV. 2 MVA
transformers (one installed and the other likely to be installed by 1969-70 )
The total capacity of the
transformers mentioned above at serial No 2 is 80 MVA,i.e.80,000 KVA feeding
Ludhiana, Jagraon, Halwara and Doraha. The total load of the transformers is,
however ,50 MVA,i.e.50,000 KVA
Jagraon was electrified for the
first time in 1954 when a sub-station of 33 KV grid capacity was installed
there. it is sufficient to meet the requirements of the town. This sub-station
is fed from Nos 132/66-33 KV.40 MVA transformers, Ludhiana.
The Jagraon sub station is under the
Sub Divisional Officer, Punjab State Electricity Board, Jagraon ,who is under
the administrative control of the Executive Engineer, Punjab State Electricity
Board, Moga.
The 16-mile long 132 KV power
Samrala-Gobindgarh transmission line as well as the two power sub-stations of
132 KV capacity at Samrala and Gobindgarh were commissioned on June 15,1968.
The new transmission lines, installed at a cost of Rs 11 lakhs, will ensure
considerable improvement in power supply and voltage conditions at
Samrala,Khanna and Machhiwara in Ludhiana district; Gobindgarh, Sirhind,Bassi
and Rajpura in Patiala district and surrounding rural areas.
The town of Khanna was electrified
for the first time in 1954 from Sub Station Gobindgarh (district Patiala ).
From 132 KV grid sub station Gobindgarh ,a 33 KV> feeder transmission line,
with its transformer capacity of 12.5 MVA 132/33 KV feeds Khanna Sub-Station.
To step it down, a 33/11 Sub-Station with 6 MVA capacity has been installed at
Khanna.
Ludhiana district has now come to
occupy a place of priced in the field of small-scale industry. The industries
of the district are for the most part centralised at Ludhiana. Some industrial
units are coming up in the adjoining towns like Khanna.
The world war 11 (1939-45) gave a
big stimulus to the industrial growth of Ludhiana and industries like hosiery,
manufacture of cycle-parts and sewing machines have made tremendous progress.
The partition gave a rude shock to this progress due to the mass migration of
the Muslim artisans who comprised the strength of the labour force. This shock was, however, soon absorbed and
the post-Independence period has witnessed still greater progress in hosiery,
cycle-parts, sewing-machines, weaving (both powerloom and handloom), dyeing and
calico printing.
Manufacturing is also done of
hosiery machines, machine-tools, motor-parts, oil-engines, oil expellers,
chaff-cutting machines and threshing machines.
Steel is re-rolled, and some units manufacture surgical instruments,
steel pipes, cutlery, fountain-pens, belt fasteners, aerials, electric
radios. Such a wide variety and
assortment in industry is hardly to be seen in any other town in India.
Plants for re-rolling iron and other
metals exist at Ludhiana and Khanna. Cotton-ginning and pressing, oil-seed crushing, flour milling, dal
plants, bakeries, ice factories, cold storages, tanning, shoe-making, soap
manufacture, sodium silicate preparation, box-making, wood-making and chick-making
are dispersed in a number of neighbouring towns.
The first half of the year 1965-66
witnessed a significant expansion in the industrial economy of the
district. But in the second half there
was a sudden set back to the industrial growth owing to the Indo-Pak conflict,
acute shortage of electricity which occurred on account of shortage of water in
the Bhakra Dam owing to failure of rains and frequent political agitations.
During this disturbed period the banks were reluctant to advance credit
facilities and the money market remained very tight. The Department of Industries came to the rescue of small-scale
units during this difficult period and an Emergency Loan Scheme was announced
by the Government to give relief to the war affected units. Under this scheme, an amount of Rs 28,16,220
was advanced to 429 parties in the district. The major industries covered were
auto-parts, cycle-parts, machine-tools, hosiery and textiles.
Thus, after a fall of about Rs 3
crores during the crisis ridden year of 1965-66, the industrial production in
the district showed signs of recovery during 1966-67 and reached the production
level of 1964-65. The industrial
production in small, medium and large-scale sectors was over Rs 39 crores
during 1966-67 as compared to about Rs 36 crores during 1965-66. The production in the village and cottage
industries sector is not accounted for in this estimate. This sector produced goods worth Rs. 1 corer
during the year 1966-67.
The present-day industries in the
district may be categorized under three broad heads, viz., large-scale
industries, small-scale industries and village industries. A few industries which fall partly in the
large-scale sector and partly in the small-scale sector have been dealt with as
a whole among those in the large-scale.
The particulars of the different industries, viz., the number of units
engaged, annual production and average employment, during the six years from
1961-62 to 1966-67, are given in the Appendix at pages 289-300.