Other Miscellaneous Occupations. – Under the category, person like shoe-making, potters, sweepers, handcart-peddlers, railway or bus station-porters and vendors, etc., are included. The shoe-makers, sweepers and potters are spread throughout the district. Their number according to 1961 Census was 25,118. Most of them in rural areas render help in agricultural activities, on marriage occasions, etc. The sweepers in urban areas are engaged in scavenging and other sanitary services, whereas they work as agricultural labourers in rural areas. The sweepers engaged for scavenging in urban areas of the district get Rs. 3.00 per month in addition to a chapati daily and other gifts on auspicious occasions.

The average earning of this class of workers is hardly Rs. 150 per months. Generally they reside at one end of the town or in clum areas. In Ludhiana, weavers have taken to powerlooms.

Domestic Servants. – The persons engaged as domestic servants include cooks, house-keepers, maids, etc. Their number according to 1951 Census was 5,614, but it fell to 2090 in 1961. The fall in the number of domestic servants and other related workers is attributed to the fact that after Independence many small and medium scale industries like hosiery, machine-tools, cycle and cycle-spare parts, sewing-machines, etc., have come up. These provide better avenues of employment, and the domestic servants have changed over from the domestic service to factories. Moreover, with the rise in the wages of the domestic servants and the cost of living index, the middle class families have dispensed with the domestic servants. The wages of domestic servants vary from Rs. 50 per month in addition to food, clothing and accommodation.

Few women domestic servants are available for whole-time employment. Part-time women domestic servants are, however, available at cheap rates. These are mostly poor women, often called Mais, trying to supplement the meager income of other members of their families. They do the cleaning of utensils, washing clothes, sweeping of the houses and cooking. A part-time Mai doing all the three odd jobs in a house is available at a cheap rate of about Rs. 15 per month.

CHAPTER IX

ECONOMIC TRENDS

v	Livelihood Pattern, General Level of Prices and Wages and Standard of Living
v	Employment Situation
v	Planning and Rural Development

(a) Livelihood Pattern and General Level of Prices and Wages.- Economic trends serve as a yardstick for measuring economic stability and progress in a district. They are indicative of the state of economy. Progressive and dynamic trends bring about fundamental changes in the structure of the economy of a district.

The economy of the Ludhiana District has certain special features in striking contrast with other districts of the State. A progressive farming sector, large and small-scale industrial sector distinguish Ludhiana from other districts. Besides farming, representing a powerful factor, the growing industry is also a dynamic feature in the economy of the district. After partition in 1947, the livelihood pattern in the district has undergone radical change in villages in general and in towns in particular. The classification of workers in the district in 1961 according to livelihood is given below :

		Number of persons according to 1961 Census
Classification of workers			Rural		Urban		Total
			Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females
1.	Cultivators	..	99971	4732	1,991	75	101,962	4,807
2.	Agricultural Labourer	..	22145	176	685	12	22,830	188
3.	Mining, quarrying, livestock, forestry, fishing, plantation, etc.		1150	96	726	42	1,876	138
4.	Household industry	..	19525	3509	4,543	1,690	24,068	5,199
5.	Manufacturing other than household industries	..	10063	256	28,602	651	38,665	907
6.	Construction	..	2693	1	2,825	33	5,518	34
7.	Trade and Commerce		6910	80	18,864	135	25,774	215
8.	Transport, storage and communication		2483	-	7,111	28	9,594	28
9.	Other Services	..	27766	2219	20,026	3,205	47,792	5,424
	Total	..	192706	11069	85,373	5,871	278,079	16,940
10.	Non-workers	..	187765	316236	85,460	138,039	273,225	454,275
	Total population		380471	327305	170,833	143,910	551,304	471,215

(Ludhiana District Census Handbook, 1961, pp.164-65).

About 43.9 per cent of the population of the district is dependent upon agriculture. The remaining 56.1 per cent of the population depends upon non-agricultural activities, of which commerce and industry claim 2.5 per cent and about 7 per cent, respectively, of the working force. The most important category of persons is engaged in iron and hosiery industries. The other important category of persons not engaged in agriculture is absorbed in services, who form about 5.1 per cent of the total population of the district.

The household in urban and rural areas comprises five to six members on the average. The break-up of the household according to 1961 Census is given in Appendix I at pages 382-83.

The dwelling in urban areas are almost all pukka. Facilities of bathrooms and lateriners, etc., are mostly available. The houses in new townships are provided with all modern amenities. In rural areas the dwelling comprise kachcha as well pukka portions. The houses generally contain a big dalan which has no partition, or in certain cases are provided with a baithak for guests, etc. The cattle fodder is generally kept in a separate portion or (Haveli) built for the purpose of keeping cattle.

After the reorganization of the Punjab in 1966, the Economic and Statistical Adviser to Government, Punjab, conducted as survey of the family budgetsof 9 cultivators in the Punjab for the year 1965-66. The survey was based on the accounts of the nine families of peasant proprietors of the State. These accounts represented more or less the typical peasants in Hoshiarpur, Ropar, Amritsar, Jullundur, Ludhiana, Patiala and Ferozepore District. The findings revealed that on an average, a peasant proprietor’s family spent 56 per cent of its income on food, 12 per cent on clothing and 8 per cent on housing. The remaining 24 per cent was spent on education, fuel, lighting, medicine, traveling, religious and social functions and amusements, etc.

In Ludhiana District, Sarinah family was selected for the survey. The budget of this family studied in the year 1965-66, showed a surplus of Rs. 2,157.64 (the total income being Rs. 7,592.59 and expenditure Rs. 5,434.95).

Ludhiana is one of the richest districts of the State. Except Ferozepore District, the per capita income in this district is the highest. The people in the district mostly take cereals, like wheat and maize. Rice is also taken on festive occasions. Wine is quite common in villages and is used in large quantity on ceremonies. The religious-minded and educated persons of the villages are, however, opposed to its use.

The district-wise per capita income for the year 1966-67 at the current prices as worked out by the Economic and Statistical Adviser to the Government is given below :

	District		Per Capita Income
			Rs.
1.	Gurdaspur	..	614
2.	Amritsar	..	738
3.	Kapurthala	..	832
4.	Jullundur	..	704
5.	Hoshiarpur	..	615
6.	Ropar	..	586
7.	Ludhiana	..	869
8.	Ferozepore	..	877
9.	Bhatinda	..	797
10.	Sangrur	..	751
11.	Patiala	..	752

It would be revealed from above that the per capita income in Ludhiana District, except in Ferozepore District, is the highest in the whole of the re-organised Punjab.

Owing to partition in 1947, the entire economic structure of the district has undergone a change, displaced persons have replaced Mohhammedans. Drastic changes have taken place in the food, dress and habits of the villager. The villages have been linked with towns by motorable roads. Almost all the amenities of urban areas are being increasingly brought within the reach of ruralities. Literacy is increasing in villages and almost all children of school going age are being admitted in schools. As a result of rapid industrialisation of Ludhiana, both skilled and unskilled labour is shifting to the city, with the consequence that considerable shortage of skilled a labour in villages is expected.

According to 1961 Census, rural population in the district numbered 707,776 as compared to 602,218 in 1951. Since 1961 there has been increase in population in cities to the extent of 314,743 as compared to 205,887 in 1951. While favourable factors, such as continued absence of any epidemic, better health facilities and social security have been responsible for steady increase of population in rural areas, rapid industrialisation of Ludhiana has been the main reason for the remarkable increase of population in urban areas. This is also due to the general tendency of landless labourers to shift to towns from villages, in order to avail themselves of better employment opportunities.

Prices and Wages. – In order to assess the economic condition of the people, the comparative study of prices and wages is vitally important. Besides, variations in the prices of silver and gold, rise in population, condition of production, inflation, exports and imports also play an important part. Change of season, rainfall and other physical factors also cause temporary fluctuation in the prices. From the beginning of the 20^th century there has been a radical change in the purchasing power of the rupee. Even though detailed statistics are not available, it strangely true that the prices of land during the first two decades of the 20^th century have risen more than the wages of labour and wages of labour have risen more than the cost of production. However the World War I (1914-18) had a salutary effect on all sections of Indian society. The labourer was comparatively the gainer as his wages rose more rapidly than the cost of production. Then followed a general depression of the twenties. It brought in its wake slumps in the market and unemployment and downward trends in the prices of agricultural produce.

The conditions during the third decade of the present century (1921-31) were partially the after of the previous decade the witnessed the culmination of adverse circumstances on an unprecedented scale. The unrest prevalent in the district was not peculiar to it, but had a world wide range as an aftermath of the First World War (1914-18). During 1921-31, the wages continued to be high, while the prices of food-stuffs maintained a downward trend. This crisis continued up to 1927-28 and the land-holders found if difficult to find tenants. A slight fall in wages was noticed in 1928-29 where after it continuously rose upwards. In his report for the year ending 30^th June, 1931, the Director of Land records, Punjab, recorded that the wages of agriculture labour have gone down to some extent, through not in proportion to the decline of the prices.

On the outbreak of World War II, in September, 1939, the people in the district were also affected by this catastrophe. The prices of all goods rose high on account of scarcity conditions created by the War. Wages also increased and have shown a continued rise since then. Even after partition (1947) the trend of rise in wages and prices could not be checked and continued rising. This trend was not much perceptible during the First and the Second Five-Year Plans. From the middle of Third Five-Year Plan, the price index has shown a steep and unprecedented rise in the prices without any corresponding rise in wages. The development has become a cause of considerable hardship to the labour class.

The wages for various workers in rural areas are paid either in cash or in kind or both. A casual labourer is usually paid in cash, whereas the smith, the carpenter, the water carrier (jhewir) or the potter is usually paid in kind. Domestic servants in urban and rural areas are paid partly in cash and partly in kind. However, the practice of payment wages in kind is on the wane and people prefer to play and receive wages in cash.

The rates of pay fixed for the inferior servants and artisans employed in various departments of Ludhiana District by the Deputy Commissioner, Ludhiana, for the year 1967-68 are given in Appendix II at pages 384-86.

The trend of prices of agricultural products other commodities etc., as on 25^th March 1966, would be seen from the figures given in Appendix III at pages 387-88.

Pakhowal Village in Tahsil Ludhiana was selected for the collection of information/data regarding the wages paid to agricultural and skilled labourers and rural retail of various agricultural commodities. The District Statistical Officer, Ludhiana, collects such information every month from village Pakhowal and sends it to the Economic and Statistical Adviser to Government, Punjab, Chandigarh. The Following two statements relating to Pakhowal village show the general trend of wages and prices in rural areas of the district:-

Statement showing the wages paid to agricultural and skilled labourers during the month of March, 1966, of village Pakhowal, tahsil Ludhiana.

Serial No	Operation		Type of Labour	Paid in cash (Rs)	Paid in Kind		Total column 4 & 6 (Rs)
					Commodity and Quantity	Cash equivalent (Rs)
1	2		3	4	5	6	7
1	Ploughing	..	Man/Casual	3.00	Tea and meals twice a day	1.50	4.50
2	Weeding	..	Ditto	3.00	Ditto	1.50	4.50
3	Harvesting	..	Ditto	3.00	Ditto	1.50	4.50
4	Other Agricultural Operations	..	Ditto	3.00	Ditto	1.50	4.50
5	Blacksmith	..	Ditto	6.00	Ditto	1.50	7.50
6	Carpenter	..	Ditto	6.00	Ditto	1.50	7.50

Rural Retail prices of Agricultural Commodities for the Village Pakhowal, Tahsil Ludhiana, relating to March 1966.

Serial No	Name of Commodity		Price in Rs.	Unit
1	Wheat (medium)	..	56.00	Per	quintal
2	Gram (black)	..	57.00	Per	quintal
3	Sason	..	125.00	Per	quintal
4	Groundnut	..	130.00	Per	quintal
5	Taramira	..	110.00	Per	quintal
6	Moong	..	125.00	Per	quintal
7	Mash	..	100.00	Per	quintal
8	Maize	..	35.00	Per	quintal
9	Bajra	..	55.00	Per	quintal
10	Potatoes	..	45.00	Per	quintal
11	Onions (dry)	..	40.00	Per	quintal
12	Desi ghee (loose)	..	11.50	Per	quintal
13	Milk (Cow and Buffalo)	..	0.75	Per	quintal
14	Bhusa (cattle)	..	5.00	Per	quintal
15	Gur pathis	..	62.00	Per	quintal
16	Shakkar	..	80.00	Per	quintal
17	Bariey	..	64.00	Per	quintal
18	Chillies (dry)	..	3.50	Per	quintal
19	Sason oil	..	4.00	Per	quintal

(Source : District Statistical officer, Ludhiana)

(b) Employment Situation. - As a result of the rapid industrialisation of the district the employment situation of semi-skilled workers is fast improving, but still the employment problem deserves serious consideration. The March, 1966, 4,759 persons were available on the live Register of Ludhiana Employment Exchange.

The employment in the district in the varied and complex. Ex-service personnel are available for employment in large number. The jobs that can possibly be offered to them are those of Peons, Chowkidars and Beldars ; but unfortunately these jobs are not alluring. They are reluctant to accept these posts with meager salaries because their pay-scales were much better in the army. The most important and common feature of the problem, however, is the immobility of the labour force. The people of this district are reluctant to accept employment in other districts, as they generally want jobs at the stations where they reside. The result is that while the people of this district are unemployed, the jobs in other districts of the State sometimes remain unfilled due to lack of suitable incumbents. The difficulty regarding immobility of labour is greater among women. The present day economic pressure has compelled woman to enter the labour market to augment the income of the family ; but they find it difficult to move out to take up jobs away from their residential localities. Lack of suitable residential accommodation, hostel facilities, etc., are also the main reasons for this immobility in the case of working women.

The motor drivers generally remain on employment list, though the demand is more than the supply. The reason for this is that they being illiterate are unable to know about the vacancies advertised by the State recruiting agency in the newspapers. The ministerial and other technical posts in the public sector are filled by the S.S.S. Board and Punjab Public Service Commission. Candidates in these categories register themselves with the employment exchange in exceptional cases presuming that the agency can at best give them short-term appointments. Candidates from better-off families generally do not feel interested in the make-shift arrangement.

The inhabitants of the district are mainly dependent on agriculture. Ludhiana is also one of the highly industrialized cities in the State. With rapid industrialisation, the need for technical and non-technical personnel has increased considerably. This, of course, has led to the increase in the temptation among the labour class of the neighbouring villages who could not resist to migrate to this city in order to earn their livelihood due to the fact that there were definitely better economic opportunities available here. So much so, many of the Bhaiyas from Utter Pradesh have also concentrated in this city and are generally engaged in unskilled jobs.

Employment Exchange. – The Employment Exchange was opened at Ludhiana in the year 1947, soon after partition. The statement showing the working of the Employment Exchange, Ludhiana, during the years 1957-66 is given in Appendix IV at page 389.

The table presents the employment position of the entire revenue district of Ludhiana. It would be revealed that the number of unemployed persons on the Live Register of the Employment Exchange, Ludhiana, decreased from 5,258 on 31^st December, 1965 to 4, 759 on 31^st December, 1966. The number of vacancies notified to the Employment Exchange, Ludhiana, too, decreased considerably from 3,618 during the year ending 31^st December, 1965, to 610during the year ending 31^st December, 1966.

The number of persons registered with the employment Exchange, Ludhiana, was 2,679 during the year 1966 as compared to 15,217 during 1965.

The number of persons unemployed according to sex and educational levels, both in urban and rural areas in the district as per 1961 Census is given below¹:

Unemployment in Urban Areas by Sex and Educational Levels

		Total Un-employed
		Persons	Males	Females
Total	..	2,382	2,197	185
Illiterate	..	337	327	10
Literate (without Education Level)	..	180	175	5
Primary or Junior basic	..	770	732	38
Matriculation or Higher Secondary	..	873	819	54
Technical diploma not equal to degree	..	15	4	11
Non-technical diploma not equal to degree	..	19	4	15
University degree or post-graduate degree other than technical degree	..	137	112	25
Technical degree or diploma equal to degree of post-graduate	..	51	24	27
(i) Engineering	..	..	..	..
(ii) Medicine	..	4	2	2
(iii)Agriculture	..	1	1	..
(iv) Veterinary and Dairying	..	..	..	..
(v) Technology	..	..	..	..
(vi) Teaching	..	37	12	25
(vii) Others	..	9	9	..

Unemployment in Rural Area by Sex and Educational Levels

		Total Un-employed
		Persons	Males	Females
Total	..	2,899	2,732	167
Illiterate	..	394	388	6
Literate (without Education Level)	..	196	195	1
Primary or Junior basic	..	860	828	32
Matriculation or above	..	1,449	1,321	128

1. Census of India, 1961. Vol. XIII, Punjab, Part II-13(f), pp. 400 and 410.

Employment Market Information. – This scheme is intended to watch the trends of employment in the State so as to make available to Government and to the Planning Commission the data about the contraction and expansion of employment in various industries and occupations to enable the Government to assess the impact of the different development plans on employment. The information thus collected is utilized to assist the Government in determining the location of certain training institution and the trades to be taught therein.

The Employment Exchange (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act, 1959, came into force from May 1, 1960. It has made it obligatory for all establishments in the public and the private sectors employing 25 persons or more to notify all vacancies to the employment exchange. Simultaneously the scheme for collection of employment market information provides employment information for the benefit of the Central as well as the State Governments the employers and persons seeking employment. The scheme aims at the analytical study of employment conditions and co-operation among existing agencies and sources of employment information. It also helps to improve the methods of obtaining employment data and ensures timely completion, examination and publication of results obtained on the basis thereof.

The statement below will clearly shoe the changes show the volume of employment both in private and public sectors as in December, 1965, and December, 1966.

Industrial division		No. of establishment		No. of Employees
		December, 1965	December, 1966	December, 1965	December, 1966
Manufacturing	..	527	524	16,244	16,270
Trade and Commerce	..	46	47	1,439	1,688
Transport, storage and Communications	..	62	52	3,712	3,687
Services	..	289	284	20,532	21,348
Total	..	924	907	41,927	42,993

Vocational Guidance.- The Vocational Guidance and Employment Counselling Programmes are designed to give intensive vocational guidance to those who seek such assistance. The programme of vocational guidance consisting of reception, invitational talks, groups discussions, individual information and registration interviews is conducted for fact-finding, recording and individual guidance purpose by the Employment Officer. It is intended to improve the quality of ‘registration’ and ‘submission’-the two basic procedure of the employment exchange. The Vocation Selection Committee through proper administration and objective interpretation and appropriate tests and standardized interviews in respect of certain vacancies conducted by Employment officer definitely improves the quality of submissions. In fact the spirit, of vocational guidance permeates all functions of the employment exchange which caters to the needs of employment seekers and employers and consequently enhances the utility of the employment service.

The vocational Guidance Unit in the Employment Exchange, Ludhiana, was started in March, 1961. It provides vocational guidance and employment consultation to youth and adults. It assists the youth in finding suitable institutional or implant training and apprenticeship facilities. It also collects occupational information from various industrial establishments and educational institutions. This unit has recently been called upon to administer Standardized Aptitude Test in order to find out the technical aptitude of these who desire to seek admission in the Industrial Training Institutes. The following figures show the work done by this Unit till March,1966:-

No. of Individuals provided group guidance .. 381

No of persons given individual guidance .. 84

No. of persons given individual information .. 174

(c) Planning and community Development :- The partition of the country in 1947 and the consequent transfer of population in the Punjab gave another serious jolt to the rural community life. The whole economy of the district was seriously dislocated. Acute shortage of labour and capital was felt in the industrial sector. The newly constituted State of Punjab (India ) had become deficit in the field of agricultural production, because the fertile and surplus areas were left in West Pakistan .The absorption of unskilled and illiterate labour posed a serious problem . To effectively check economic deterioration, planned development on countrywide scale was undertaken . The Planning Department in the Government of India was entrusted with the task of drawing up the Five-Year-Plans. Due stress was to be laid on the improvement of all the sectors, especially agriculture in view of the pressing food problems created in the country as a result of the partition . During the period of planned development from 1951-52 to 1960-61, covering the first two Five Year Plans, the district has been able to regain stability in a large measure. Against this background it became possible for the Government to lay more stress on industry in the Third Five Year Plan. Considerable surplus lands and waste lands were brought under the plough . With the provision of extensive agricultural facilities, use of improved types of implements and fertilizers, there has been marked progress in the production of various agricultural commodities.

The Community Development Project Scheme owes its origin to the recommendations of the Planning Commission. According to Planning Commission, the central object of the scheme is to secure the fullest development of the material and human resources of the particular area. The scheme makes a comprehensive approach to the social and economic aspects of rural life and includes within its scope activities relating to agriculture, education, co-operation. Animal husbandry, minor irrigation, communication, employment, housing, cottage industries and social welfare .

Community Development:-The Community Development Programme was started to raise the living standard and to ameliorate the conditions of rural population. Ludhiana district is one of the most progressive districts of the state in agriculture and on that very basis the district was selected for Intensive Agricultural Development Programme. The entire district has been brought under Community Development affecting population of 7,87,1198 persons spread over 1,001 villagers (excluding uninhabited). Appendix V at page 390 gives the category of the 10 community Development Blocks alongwith the area, village and population covered by each of them.

The people in the district have extended the desired co-operation in the work have also contributed liberally as and when they were required to do so. It is generally felt that the organisation of community development scheme has been greatly responsible for bringing about a change of outlook in all spheres of life in rural areas. the farmers now are greatly enlightened about the latest methods of cultivation and improved agricultural practices. The Community development has infused the spirit of self-help and self-reliance in the minds of rural folk and has widened their outlook. The detail of people’s contribution till the year, 1965-66 are given in Appendix VI at pages 392-93.

APPENDIX

House Hold

Total Rural Urban	Total No. of Sample House-holds	Total sample Household population			House-holds	Single Member House Holds			2-3 Member
		P	M	F		M	F	House holds	M	F
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
Rural	23,871	1,40,960	75,552	65,408	1,791	1,399	392	3,938	5,462	4,588
Urban	12,052	61,972	33,515	28,457	1,199	1,000	199	2,708	3,926	2,887
Total	35,923	2,02,932	10,967	93,865	2,990	2,399	591	6,646	9,388	7,475

(Ludhiana District Census

Classification in Ludhiana District

	4-6 Members			7-9 Members		10 or more Members
House holds	M	F	House holds	M	F	House holds	M	F
12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
8,987	24,082	21,269	6,245	25,978	22,696	2,097	18,631	16,463
4,567	12,085	10,677	2,711	11,081	9,898	867	5,423	4,826
13,554	36,167	31,946	8,959	37,059	32,564	2,964	24,054	21,289

Handbook, 1961, pp. 238-39)

APPENDIX II

Rates of Pay/wages fixed for the inferior servants and artisans employed in various

Department of Ludhiana District

Serial No	Class of Employee		Pay		Dearness Allowance
			Rs.
1	Pankha puller minor	..	38.00		Consolidated
2	Pankha puller major	..	20.00		D.A. Allowed under the prevailing rules
3	Caller woman	..	30.00		Do
4	Bearer	..	30.00		Do
5	Dak Runner	..	30.00		Do
6	Khansama Experienced	..	30.00		Do
	Khansama assistant	..	20.00		Do
7	Langri experienced	..	30.00		Do
	Langri assistant	..	20.00		Do
8	Boiler attendant	..	30.00		Do
9	Tailor	..	50.00		Do
10	Boat man	..	30.00		Do
11	Flag man	..	70.00		Consolidated
12	Chairman	..	80.00		Consolidated
13	Mochi	..	30.00		D.A. Allowed under the prevailing rules
14	Camel-man	..	30.00		Do
15	Chowkidar	..	30.00		Do
16	Water Carrier	..	30.00		Do
17	Steam Road Roller Driver	..	117.50		Consolidated
18	Mate	..	35.00		D.A. Allowed under the prevailing rules
19	Sprayman for bituma Tar etc.	..	95.00		Consolidated
Serial No	Class of Employee		Pay		Dearness Allowance
20	Fireman	..	30.00		D.A. Allowed under the prevailing rules
21	Beldar	..	30.00		Do
22	Oilman and cleaner, Government Industrial School, Ludhiana	..	40.00		Do
23	Cow boy	..	30.0		Do
24	Workshop Mazdur	..	100.00		Consolidated
25	Sweeper	..	30.00		D.A. Allowed under the prevailing rules
26	Sweeper Tahsils compound and Rest Houses	..	50.00		Consolidated , They have to work at least for half day.
27	Sweeper at other places	..	27.00		Consolidated. They have to work at least for twice day.
28	Water carrier	..	17.50		Do
29	Sweeper at Police Lock -ups	..	4.00		D.A. Proportionate as Allowed under the rules
30	Water carrier at Police lock-ups	..	4.00		Do
31	Sweeper at Judicial Lock-ups	..	15.00		Consolidated
32	Water carrier at Judicial Lock-ups	..	15.00		Do
33	Chowkidar	..	33.00		Do
34	Cook	..	33.00		Do
35	Beldar Government Institute Dyeing and printing	..	25.00		Do
Serial No	Class of Employee		Pay		Dearness Allowance
	DAILY WAGES	..
36	Mason, Carpenter and Blacksmith	..	6.00 to 8.00 per day
37	Wireman, Mistri, Ist Class	..	6.00 to 8.00 per day
38	Workshop Mazdur	..	3.00 to 3.50 per day
39	Store Mazdur	..	3.00 to 3.50 per day
40	Cooli-boy	..	1.00 to 2.50 per day
41	Painter, Ist class	..	5.00 to 6.00 per day
42	White washer	..	4.00 to 5.50 per day
43	Hammer-man	..	3.50 to 4.00 per day
44	Agricultural Labourer	..	4.50 per day
	Agricultural Mate	..	4.50 to 5.00 per day
45	Senior Supervisor	..	5.50 per day
46	Mate	..	4.00 per day
47	Tractor Driver	..	5.50 per day
48	Tube well operator	..	4.50 to 5.00 per day
49	Cattle catcher	..	3.00 to 4.00 per day
50	Mazdur woman	..	2.50 to 3.00 per day
For N.C.C. Camps for short duration in the district		..
51	halwai	..	6.00 to 7.00 per day
52	Water carrier	..	4.00 per day
53	Bearer	..	5.00 per day
54	Sweeper	..	4.00 per day
Serial No	Class of Employee		Pay		Dearness Allowance
55	Barber	..	12.00	(Subject to the condition that there may be at least 80 persons to be shaved in the camp)
56	Labourer and Chowkidar	..	4.00 per day
57	Boot maker mochi	..	8.00 per day
58	Carpenter ad Blacksmith	..	7.00 to 8.00 per day
59	Cook	..	5.00 per day
60	Head cook	..	6.50 per day
61	Painter	..	4.50 to 6.50 per day
62	Mate	..	4.00 per day
63	Lineman, Fitter, Wireman, Plumber and E.O. Driver	..	5.00 to 6.50 per day
64	Turner, Electrician and Welder	..	5.00 to 6.50 per day
65	Hammer man and Caneman	..	4.22 per day
	OTHER SERVICES
Hire of pair of bullocks and attendant			155.00 Per month
Hire of pair of bullocks with out attendant			65.00 per month
Hire charges of pair of bullocks without attendant (Brief Spells)			4.50 per month
Hire charges of pair of bullocks without attendant (Brief Spells) Half day daily			32.50 per month
Mule with muleman			6.00 per day
Hand cart with driver with pair of bullocks with attendant			5.50 per day
Bullocks cart with pair of bullock with attendant			23.00 per day
Bullocks cart driver by one bullock with attendant			12.00 per day
Donkey man with one donkey for every additional donkey			5.50 per day
			1.75 per day
Carriage of stones per quintal kilometer			0.75 (Minimum 0.50 per trip)
Carriage of stones when a cart is engaged			0.60 per quintal kilometer including loading and unloading charges
Part time mali for 3 hours daily			10.00 per month plus proportionate D.A. allowed under the rules
Allowance

IV Class employees in services for supplying drinking 10.00 per month in addition to their own water and dusting offices where no part-time water usual pay carrier or sweeper is posted.

(Source: Deputy Commissioner, Ludhiana)

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