APPENDIX III

A. Retail price Schedule of Various commodities

Serial No	Commodity	Specifications and grade	Unit	Prices per unit
				Shop I	Shop II	Co-op. store
1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1	Wheat	Dara	Per kegs	0.53	0.54	..
2	Weeat Atta	(i)Mill madder whea atta from which maida, Suji have been extracted (ii) Wholemeal Chakki atta of country wheat	Do	0.70	0.68	0.65
3	Bajra	Average Quality	Do	0.50	0.52	..
4	Maize	Do	Do	0.35	0.35	..
5	Maize Atta	Do	Do	0.50	0.50	..
6	Barley	Do	Do	0.80	0.80	..
7	Besan	Do	Do	0.85	0.85	0.85
8	Moong Dal	Unwashed	Do	1.35	1.35	1.35
9	Mash Dal	Do	Do	1.25	1.25	1.35
10	Gram Dal	Do	Do	0.75	0.75	0.80
11	Mash	Whole	Do	1.10	1.10	1.10
12	Massar Dal	Unwashed	Do	1.10	1.10	1.00
13	Sugar	ISSB-29	Do	1.52	1.52	1.52
14	Gur	Desi Average Quality	Do	0.70	0.70	0.75
15	Shakkar	Do	Do	0.80	0.80	..
16	Sarson oil	Mill Extracted (Loose)	Do	4.10	4.10	3.40
17	Ghee	Pure (Loose)	Do (without tin)	10.50	10.50	11.00
18	Vanaspati	Dalda sealed	(2 Kgm, tin)	10.32	10.32	10.32
19	Tea	Lipton (Green Label)	Packet of 500 grams	6.65	6.65	6.80
20	Salt	Sambhar, grounded	Per kgm.	0.25	0.25	0.25
21	Black Pepper	Whole	Do	6.00	6.00	6.20
22	Chillies	Dry Desi/Red Whole	Do	4.00	4.00	4.00
23	Turmeric	Powdered, Average Quality	250 gms	0.65	0.65	0.70
24	Anardana	(whole)	250 gms	0.75	0.75	0.85
25	Dhania	Do	250 gms	1.00	1.00	1.00
26	Spices	Mixed	50 gms	0.45	0.45	0.55
27	Milk	(i) Buffalo (as sold by gawalas) (ii) Cow	Per Kgm	1.00 0.95	1.00 0.95	..
28	Curd	Mixed	Do	1.20	1.20	..
29	Sweetmeats	Boondi, Laddu of Vegtable Ghee	Do	3.50	3.50	..
30	Mutton	Average quality	Do	4.00	4.00	..
31	Eggs	Hen	Do	2.75	3.00	..
32	Almonds (Badam)	Average quality	Per Dozen	10.00	10.00	10.00
33	Raisins (kishmish)	Do	Per Kgm.	9.00	9.00	9.00
34	Brinjals	Round	Do	0.60	0.60	..
35	Caulifower	Desi	Do	0.90	0.90	..
36	Cabbabe (Band Ghobi)	Do	Do	0.30	0.30	..
37	Carrot (Gajjar)	Desi (Plains)	Do	0.20	0.20	..
38	Spinach (Palak)	Desi	Do	0.20	0.20	..
39	Raddish (Muli)	Do	Do	0.35	0.35	..
40	Turnips (Salgram)	Do	Do	0.35	0.35	..
41	Bottle Gourd (Ghiya Kadu)	Do	Do	1.00	1.00	..
42	Peas (Mattar)	Do	Do	0.75	0.75	..
43	Ginger (Adrak)	Do	Do	1.50	1.50	..
44	Onion (Piaz)	Do	Do	0.50	0.50	..
45	Garlic (Thom)	Do	Do	1.25	1.25	..
46	Potatoes	Do	Do	0.40	0.40	..
47	Tomatoes	Do	Do	.75	.75	..
48	Lemon (Nimbu)	Do	Do	2.00	2.00	..
49	Bananas	Harichal	Per dozen	1.00	1.00	..
50	Oranges	Nagpuri	Do	2.50	2.50	..

(Source: District Statistical Officer, Ludhiana)

B. APPENDIX IV

Working of Employment Exchange, Ludhiana, 1957-66

Year	No of registration during the year	No of vacancies notified	No of applicants placed in employ-ment during the year	Applicants on live register at the end of year	Monthly No if employers using the exchange	No of vacancies being carried over at the end of the year
1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1957	8784	1767	1101	2696	575	171
1958	9784	1842	1423	2673	630	124
1959	11683	2178	1506	3532	676	146
1960	10623	2259	1407	2839	635	241
1961	11304	2349	1676	2897	747	255
1962	12651	3119	1892	4273	1016	296
1963	12947	3690	1725	3707	1098	277
1964	13202	3986	1924	4706	1256	415
1965	15217	3618	1652	5258	1268	384
1966	2679	610	355	4759	206	374

(Source: District Employment Officer, Ludhiana)

APPENDIX V

Area Village and Population covered Development Blocks in Ludhiana District as on 31-6-66.

Serial No	Name of the Block	Date of initial allotment	Category at the time of initial allotment	Date of coversion to other categories, if any	Present category of the Block	Area covered in square kilo-metres	Number of villages covered	Popu- lation covered
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1	Ludhiana	1-10-54	Community Development	1-4-65	National Extension service Stage II	515.09	77	88,594
2	Jagraon	1-4-56	Stage I	1-4-61	Post Intensive	277.90	49	94,102
3	Samrala	1-10-53	Community Development	Stage II 1-4-64 Stage III1-4-64	Stage III	315.20	107	80,792
4	Sidhwan Bet	1-4-57	Stage I	Stage II 1-4-63 Post Stage II 1-4-68	Post stage III	407.09	84	58,352
5	Machhiwara	1-4-58	National Extension service	1-4-64	Stage II	578.56	222	1,06,257
6	Dehlon	1-4-60	Pre-extension	Stage I 1-4-61 Stage II 1-4-66	Stage II	278.35	79	77,581
7	Mangat at Salem Tabri	1-10-60	Pre-Extension Block	Stage I 1-10-61 Stage II 1-10-66	Stage II	545.45	196	65,335
8	Pakhowal	1-10-60	Stage I	1-10-61	Stage II	285.42	64	76,321
9	Doraha	2-10-52	Community Project	Stage ii 1-4-56 Stage III 1-4-62	Stage III	326.00	82	74,830
10	Sudhur	1-10-60	Pre-Extension	Stage I 1-10-61	Stage II	297.49	41	64,304

APPENDIX VI

People’s contribution towards the community

Serial No	Name of the Block	Agriculture and Animal Husbandry	Irrigation	Recla- Mation	Health and Rural Sanitation	Education	Social Education
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1	Ludhiana	15,0,935	..	..	5,20,526	6,98,260	1,62,797
2	Jagraon	23,600	7,000	5,000	1,12,159	2,52,563	35,668
3	Samrala	6,811	10,75,000	25	93,568	1,46,880	3,580
4	Sidhwan Bet	58,000	..	..	12,405	10,504	..
5	Machhiwara	9,070	21,950	9,219	1,60,810	2,34,969	92,897
6	Dehlon	..	..	,..	..	..	..
7	Mangat at Salem Tabri	5,000	3,29,790	24,000	1,16,128	82,410	20,900
8	Pakhowal	..	..	..	11,550	30,500	6,540
9	Doraha	18,4,900	2,56,825	98,800	79,072	1,08,655	68,980
10	Sudhur	3,380	..	..	7,339	..	..

Development Blocks in Ludhiana District till March, 1966.

(In Rupees)

Community Recreation Centres	Communi-cations	Village and small scale industries	Housing	Other works pro-gramme	Total	Cash and other contri-bution	Labour
9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16
1,35,000	26,92,381	28,330	-	18,21,518	61,04,802	7,36,202	11,39,637
3,600	5,80,588	6,772	2,800	45,334	10,75,984	-	-
-	1,05,439	-	80,350	5,944	6,04,887	4,57,417	1,47,470
-	24,120	-	-	2,146	3,19,775	3,19,755	-
-	3,21,105	3,000	97,930	9,022	10,59,882	1,62,449	7,39,272
-	39,273	-	-	-	5,073	12,000	39,273
-	60,021	-	-	-	6,48,249	-	28,552
-	2,11,592	1,600	-	2,000	2,63,782	-	-
27,890	2,63,162	2,750	1,67,000	1,00,220	13,68,254	7,03,162	6,65,092
-	-	-	-	1,28,198	1,32,536	-	-

APPENDIX VII

Physical Achievements of Community Development Blocks in Ludhiana District till March, 1966

Serial No	Name of the Block	Chemical Fertilizers distributed	Agricul-tural Demon-strations held	Improved seeds distributed	Maternity and child welfare centre	Rural Latrines constructed	Wells constructed	Pucca drains constructed
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
		Quintal		Quintal				Km.
1	Ludhiana	1,76,233.76	33,083	49,233.21	2	360	55	70,938.25
2	Jagraon	1,14,792	6,076	10,858	11	321	25	40,308
3	Samrala	49,850	15,026	5,270	-	-	6	195.06
4	Sidhwan Bet	55,920	964	1,430	2	-	43	800.00
5	Machhiwara	30,368	2,665	4,528.91	2	4	-	2,331
6	Dehlon	1,83,276.20	8,543	15,827.09	4	71	5	21,613
7	Mangat	1,44,098	2,779	18,500	-	1	2	2,836
8	Pakhowal	2,07,362	45	3,301.71	7	180	37	2,979
9	Doraha	2,59,386	3,221	53,137.25	3	114	50	64,213
10	Sudhur	3,655	111	158.1	2	3,572	-	154

Physical Achievements of Community Development Blocks in Ludhiana District till March, 1966

Serial No	Name of the Block
1	2	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
							Km.	Km.	Km.
1	Ludhiana	1	63	1,068	62	546	27.4	467.63	913.38	27
2	Jagraon	7	9	1,051	30	38	410	358.5	222.25	-
3	Samrala	7	142	909	55	160	3.5	284	363	-
4	Sidhwan Bet	-	44	853	7	43	19.2	4	14.20	-
5	Machhiwara	-	7	60	1	5	-	5	15	25
6	Dehlon	-	4	4	8	6	1.6	80	32	4
7	Mangat	-	7	235	4	4	19	161	35	-
8	Pakhowal	-	15	246	15	138	6	308	46	12
9	Doraha	4	126	2,534	45	181	13	2,331	1,661	18
10	Sudhur	-	-	-	37	-	-	9.8	44	-

CHAPTER X

GENERAL ADMINISTRATION

v	Historical Background and Divisions of the District
v	District Authorities
v	Development Organization
v	General Arrangement for Disposal of Business
v	District Committees
v	State and Central Government Officers

(a) Historical background and Sub-Divisions of the District.- During the British rule the district administration was mainly confined to the performance of such duties as were believed to ensure their supremacy and general peace and order among the subjects. All other duties which might minister to the welfare of the people were discounted. As such, greater attention appear to have been paid to the Departments of Police, Jails, Judiciary, Land revenue, Excise etc. the only other department which deserved attention was the Public Works, but here again the activities of construction and maintenance, apart from roads and irrigation works, were confined to buildings required for Government departments. It was after World War I (1914-18) under the Reforms Scheme of 1919 that emphasis began to be laid on beneficent Departments like Education, Health and Agricultural, etc. With the introduction of provincial autonomy in 1937 (under the Government of India Act, 1935) the Departments concerned with development received greater attention. It was, however, after the transfer of power in 1947 that new ideas of Public welfare have come to inspire the administration and comprehensive plans have been drawn up for all round social and economic betterment of the people.

in this regard it is important to remember that since very early times district administration has formed the mainstay of the Government. Through the ages district administration has continued to be a pivotal factor in the governance of the country. In India the administrative of the district revolves round the district officer, who serves as a district link between the Government and the People. for all administrative purpose the district forms the vital unit, where the local officers of all the Departments of the State Government are stationed. All administrative agencies pertaining to the district in regard to the implementation of schemes intended to cover the district are according required to function under the general control of the district of the Deputy Commissioner. As the general administrator, he is the functionary who is called upon to co-ordinate the activities of the branches of different Departments in the district-such as public security, Public Health, Public works, Public Instruction, Agriculture, Irrigation and Co-operation and to integrate them in the larger interests of the district as a whole.

During the greater part of the British rule administrative units lower than the districts were not clearly defined. But gradually the need for decentralization came to be felt, especially with regard to proper maintenance of peace and order in vast areas like a district. For this purpose it was thought necessary to divide the district in to Sub-Divisions. The Sub-Divisions officer, who is lower is status than and subordinate to the District Magistrate is required to carry on the functions of the latter in specified areas. a Sub-Divisional Officer, is therefore, a District Magistrate in miniature in a smaller sphere. He is to undertake the same kind of work as the Deputy Commissioner; but since he is to work under his district supervision and control, his own burden of responsibility is not very heavy.

New units for the development of the district in the form of Community Development Programme have greatly added to the work load of the district officer. The object of the new movement is to undertake intensive development work-to build roads, improve sanitary conditions, organise education and public health as a part of all-round development of local community have life. Since independence the structure and scope of district administration have vastly changed and expanded. The administrative machinery in the district under the new national and democratic set up is geared to achieve the ideal of welfare State. Against the above historical background it will be well to do examine the administrative set up of the Ludhiana District.

Administrative Divisions.- Administratively, the district is divided into 3 tahsils, viz., Ludhiana (including sub-tahsil Payal) Jagraon and Samrala. Previously forming part of Patiala district, sub-tahsil Payal was transferred to Ludhiana district in November, 1963. Tahsils Samrala and Jagraon were made sub-divisions in November, 1961 and tahsil Ludhiana in April, 1965.

The number of village and police stations in each tahsil is as under:

Tahsil	No of villages	Police station	Police Posts
Ludhiana	489 (including 72 villages of old sub-tahsil Payal)	1. Ludhiana City 2. Sader 3. Sahnewal 4. Dehlon 5. Payal 6. Railway 7. Ludhiana	1. Model Town, Ludhiana 2. Miller Ganj, Ludhiana 3. Police post, Doraha
Samrala	340 (including 10 villages of old sub-tahsil Payal)	1. Samrala 2. Machiwara 3. Khanna 4. Khamanon	4. Police Post Khanna 5. Police Post, Sadhar
Jagraon	175	1. Jagraon 2. Sidhwan Bet 3. Railkot 4. Dakha	6. Police Post, Jagraon

The strength of Sub-Divisional Officers, Tahsildars and Naib-Tahsildars in the district is as under:

Tahsil	Designation	Number
Ludhiana	Sub-Divisional Officer Tahsildar Naib-Tahsildars	1 1 3
Samrala	Sub-Divisional Officer Tahsildar Naib-Tahsildars	1 1 2
Jagraon	Sub-Divisional Officer Tahsildar Naib-Tahsildars	1 1 2

(b) District Authorities.- (i) Deputy Commissioner- The general administration of the district is vested in the Deputy Commissioner. For administrative purpose, he is under the control of the commissioner, Jullundhur Division, Jullundhur.

The Deputy Commissioner, has a triple role to play :-

(a) As Deputy Commissioner, he is the executive head of the district in the sphere of development, co-ordination of all government activities, panchayats, local bodies, civil administration, etc.

(b) As Collector, he is the highest officer of the revenue administration in the district. He is responsible for the collection of land revenue, other kinds of government taxes, fees and all dues recoverable as arrears of land revenue. He is the appointing authority for most important subordinate revenue staff in the district and supervises and controls the work of all of them. He is responsible for the management of private estates that are held in trust by the state for minors and other disqualified persons. He is responsible for the grant and eventual recovery of certain types of loans for agricultural improvement. He is highest revenue judicial authority in regards to revenue cases in the district and hears certain types of revenue appeals.

(c) As District Magistrate, he enjoys first class magisterial powers, although he in fact tries few cases. He supervises all executive magistrates in the district, controls the police and supervises their work. He is concerned to some extent with the administration of jails and sub-jails. He is responsible for the issue of permits and licences for fire-arms, explosives, petroleum and cinemas. He is also responsible for the issue of passports, extension of visas and control of foreigners. Above all the is responsible for the maintenance of law and order, prevention and suppression of crime and the preservation of peace and tranquility in the district.

As District Officer, he has many executive duties and responsibilities, the details of which vary from season to season. By and large he is responsible for the implementation of beneficient schemes, which are initiated by the Revenue Department or by any Government department having field officers working in the district. According he is the chief co-ordinating authority on behalf of the State Government at the district level. He is expected to keep watch over the activities of all local authorities in the district and is generally responsible for their supervision and control. He pays particular attention to the implementation of various plan schemes under the Five-year Plans, especially the Community Development Programme. He keeps the State Government informed of the condition of the district in general regarding all notable occurrences ranging from meeting of political parties to village fairs. He is responsible for the compilation of returns of prices, crop forecasts, weather reports, etc. He is responsible for the proper conduct of national, state and local elections. He maintains general control over the administration of supply and distribution of controlled articles. He is also concerned with the rehabilitation of displaced persons and famine relief, if and when necessary.

In addition to all his specific duties and responsibilities, the Deputy Commissioner holds residual powers as the State Government’s representative in the district.

In short, the Deputy Commissioner is responsible for the governmental activities in the district as the principal functionary of the State Government. The Deputy Commissioner occupies a key position in his dealings with the State Government on the one hand and the people of the district on the other.

(ii) Sub-Divisional Officers.- The Sub-Divisional Officers exercise direct control over Tahsildars and their staff in their respective sub-divisions. All correspondence between the Deputy Commissioner and Tahsildars is routed through the respective Sub-Divisional officer.

The sub-divisional officers have been given the powers of the Deputy Commissioner in regard to the coordination work in their respective sub-division without affecting the Deputy Commissioner’s position, authority and effectiveness as the executive head of the district. This decentralization of powers has been effected in accordance with the policy of Government to execute the work speedily and to afford substantial relief to the Deputy Commissioner in order to enable him to concentrate on other important work in the district. The Sub-Divisional Officer is the overall authority in the sub-division. He can seek advice and assistance from all the department officers posted in the sub-division for the smooth running of the administration and successful implementation of the development schemes. He can even correspond direct with the Government on routine matters. In important policy matters, however, he is required to route the papers through the Deputy Commissioner. He is to perform executive duties in the sub-division pertaining to development, local bodies, market committees, motor taxation , passport, renewal of arms licences etc. ; revenue duties-executive and judicial (original and appellate) ; and maintain law and order.

(iii) Tahsildars and staff.- Tahsildars and Naib-Tahsildars exercise the powers of Assistant Collector 2^nd Grader. In partition cases, however, Tahsildars exercise the powers of Assistant Collector 1^st Grade.

Being primarily entrusted with the work of revenue collection, Tahsildars and Naib—Tahsildars have to undertake intensive touring in the district. They play an important role in the execution of development plans, construction of roads, drains, embankments, soil supervision and reclamation, pavements of streets, filling of depressions and sundry matters connected with rural re-construction. They are called upon to enlist active public co-operation for the development work and, as such, render substantial help and co-operation to the Block Development and Panchayat Officers.

The Tahsildar and Naib-Tahsildar are assisted by a Sardar-Kunungo, as incharge of the record and one Naib-Sadar Kanugo, both at the district headquarters, three Office Kanungos, one each at tehsil headquarters ; and one Patwar Moharar, seventeen Field Kanugos, one Naib Office Kanugo, 321 Patwaris and four Assistant Patwaris.

The Patwaris prepare and maintain village revenue records and revenue statistical records. The district is divided into 324 Patwar Circles.

The Zaildari system was abolished in1948. Prior to that villages were grouped to form a Zial, each of which was placed under a Zaildar. In the field of general administration also, he used to assist the Government.

A Lambardar is the important functionary in the village administration. Beside land revenue collection, he is required to keep watch over law and order position in his area and report any breach thereof to the nearest Police Station. He is assisted in his work by the village Chowkidar. Lambardar is paid pachotra, i.e., 5 per cent of the land revenue collection, which is in fact an extra charge on land revenue.

(C) Development Organization. – The district is divided into 10 Development Blocks, viz., Samrala, Machhiwara, Ludhiana, Dehlon, Mangat, Pakhowal, Doraha, sudhar, Sidhwan Bet and Jagraon. (A bock consists of about 60 villages). Each block was previously under the charge of a Block Development Officer. With the merger of the Panchayat Department with the Development Department, he has been vested with powers of Panchayat Officer under the Punjab Gram Panchayats Act, 1952.

A block Development and Panchayat Officer, is under the administrative control of Chairman of the respective Block Samiti, Sub-Divisional Officer (Civil) of the respective Sub-Division, pilot Project Officer (in respect of Intensive Agricultural Development Programme) and the District Development and Panchayat Officer at district level, besides being under the over all control of the Deputy Commissioner.

A Block Development and Panchayat Officer is primarily responsible for the successful implementation of the community development programme. The Extension Officers belonging to the Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Co-operative and Industries Departments, posted in a block, are under the administrative control of the respective Block Development and Panchayat Officer. This arrangement was made after the introduction of Panchayati Raj in the State to co-ordinate the activities of the various development departments.

The Ludhiana district was brought under the Intensive Agricultural Development Programme in 1961 in 1961 for a period of 5 years, in the first instance. The period was extended for another 5 years. The district was adjudged as the best in the country in respect of the increase of agricultural production. The strength of Gram Sewaks in a block was doubled on the introduction of the Programme.

(d) Panchayati Raj. – The Panchayati Raj is a system of decentralisation and delegation of authority to local agencies of the State Government and to set up such democratic institutions for the welfare of the people as may be chosen by them and would he answerable to them. It is three tier system which consists of Panchaysts at village level, panchayat samities at block level and zila parishad at district level.

Panchayats. – The setting up of panchayats is a bold step forward in the process of democratic decentralisation. Panchayat is the basic unit of Panchayati Raj and the Punjab Gram Panchayat Act, 1952 (as amended up to August 1961), provides for the establishment of a panchayat in every village with a population of not less than 500 persons and a joint panchayat for a village with lesser population by grouping it with some contiguous village or villages, so that the population of the villages so grouped is not less than 500. Thus, 669 panchayats were formed covering the rural areas of the district : Ludhiana Block 73, Mangat Block 72, Pakhowal Block 59, Dehlon Block 66, sidhwan Bet Block 54, Jagroan Block 39, Sadhar Block 38, Samrala Block 93, Machhiwara Block 110, and Doraha Block 65.

Though the panchayats have administrative and executive, criminal, judicial and civil and revenue judicial functions, yet the role assigned to the panchayats at the apex of the structure. Virtually all programmes of economic development are to be channeled through this structure.

Panchayat Samitis. – There are ten Panchayat Samitis in the district, i. e., one in each block. Each Panchayat Samiti consists of 16 members elected by Panches and Sarpanches of Gram Panchayat in the block from amongst themselves, two members representing the co-operative societies within the jurisdiction of the Panchayat Samiti elected from amongst the members of these societies, associated members comprising M.L.As., M.L.Cs. and M.Ps representing the constituency, co-opted members comprising two women and four persons belonging to the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, besides the Block Development and Panchayat Officer and the respective Sub-Divisional Officer as ex-officio members. The associated members and ex-officio members are not entitled to vote in the meeting. The term of member was, in the first instance, fixed for three years but was subsequently raised to five years. A panchayat samiti has its own Chairman and Vice-Chairman besides the respective Block Development and Panchayat Officer as its Executive Officer. He is assisted by a number of Extension Officers from various departments, such as Industries, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Co-operative, social Education, Panchayat and P.W.D. (B. & R.), etc., in order to coordinate the activities of the agencies concerned with rural development. A meeting of the Samiti is held at least once in three months.

A panchayat samiti is expected to make arrangements for the integrated development of the area under its jurisdiction in respect of agriculture, public health and rural sanitation, animal husbandry, fisheries, communications, social education, and miscellaneous items such as organisation and management of panchayat samiti fairs, establishment and management of cattle ponds, and management of public ferries.

Zila Parishad. – Under the Punjab Panchayats Samities and Zila Parishads Act, 1961, the District Board, Ludhiana, was replaced by the Zila Parishad, Ludhiana, on March 1, 1962. Besides its Chairman, vice-Chairman and Secretary, the membership of Zila Parishad comprises two members out of the primary members of each Panchayat Samiti to be elected by the Panchayat Samiti, Chairman of each Panchayat Samiti, Deputy Commissioner, members of Lok Sahba, Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad, representing the district or any part thereof, co-opted members including two women and five other persons belonging to Scheduled Castes. The term of the members was, in the first instance, fixed for three years ; but was subsequently raised to five years. The meeting of Zila Parishad is held once in three months.

(D) General arrangement for disposal of business. – In addition to the Sub-Divisional Officers, Tahsildars, and Block Development and Panchayat Officers, the Deputy Commissioner is assisted by 1 General Assistant, 1 District Development and Panchayat Officer, 2 Executive Magistrates, 3 Extra Assistant Commissioners (Under Training) and 1 Civil Defence Officer.

General Assistant. – He is Deputy Commissioner’s principal executive officer and assists him in all his executive and administrative functions. He is mostly occupied with routine office matters and does not normaly tour in the district. He is Magistrate 1^st Class but with the separation of judiciary from the executive, he is empowered to try security cases only. The various branches of the Deputy Commissioner’s office generally entrusted to his supervision and control are : Record and Issue, Establishment, Nazarat, Miscellaneous, Elections, etc.

District Development and Panchayat Officer. – He is incharge of the work relating to development including local development, Five-Year Plans, Panchayats, National Extension Service, and Low Income Group and Middle Income Group Houwing Schemes.

Magistrates. – The criminal work relating to security cases of the various police stations in the district is assigned to the Sub-Divisional Magistrates, District Development and Panchayat Officer, General Assistant, Executive Magistrates and Extra-Assistant Commissioners (Under Training) having powers of 1^st Class Magistrate.

Civil Defence Controller. – The Deputy Commissioner is the ex-officio Civil Defence Controller of the district and is, as such, responsible for its civil defence. He has multifarious duties to perform at the time of aggression/conflict or war. In addition to other duties at the time of actual emergency, his major duties pertain to appointment of Civil Defence Officers in all towns of the district, maintenance of fire-fighting equipment, proper functioning of siers, digging of trenches, alternative arrangements of water and electricity, control over vehicles, first-aid, extension of hospital facilities by laying additional beds, replacement of police by home guards, and if necessary, maintenance and supervision of equipment and stores, etc.

In the performance of the above mentioned functions he is assisted by the Civil Defence Officer, Ludhiana, who is appointed by the State Government from amongst the P.C.S. Officers. The Civil Defence Officer has no distinctly demarcated functions attached to his office.

Revenue work. – With the formation of sub-division, the revenue work, previously done by the Revenue Assistant, has been transferred to the respective Sub-Divisional Officers.

Registration. – The Deputy Commissioner is the Registrar and in that capacity is responsible for registration work in the district. Contrary to the old practice, he does not hold this post as ex-officio. The work is attended to by the Tahsildars and Naib-Tahsildars in their respective tahsils, as the posts of Sub-Registrars have since been abolished. There is a whole time registration clerk at the district headquarters.

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