Government Institute of Textile Chemistry and Knitting Technology, Ludhiana.- Situated in the premises of the historic fort at Ludhiana, it was previously known as the Government Institute of Dyeing, Printing and Hosiery Technology, Ludhiana16, which was constituted in 1961, by amalgamating the two old institutions located in the same premises, viz., Government Hosiery Institute, Ludhiana (initially started in 1962), and Government Institute of Dyeing and Calico Printing, Ludhiana (initially started in 1923 at Shahadara near Lahore, West Pakistan). The institute is run by the Department of Industrial Training, Punjab and is affiliated to the State Board of Technical Education.
16.
On August 1, 1967 the institute was rechristened as Government
Institute of Textile Chemistry and Knitting Technology, Ludhiana.
The Diploma, for the following courses of study offered by this institute, are recognised by the State Board of Technical Education and automatically by the Central Board of Technical Education and all concerned Government Departments in the country: -
(i) Diploma in Textile Chemistry (3 years course).
(ii) Diploma in Knitting Technology (3 years course).
Apart from the above, the following two Certificate Trade Course are run by the institute according to the syllabi and pattern set up the Director General of Employment and Training, Government of India : -
(iii) Certificate Course in Hosiery Manufacturing (1 year Course)
(iv) Certificate Course in Dyeing Calico Printing (1 year Course)
There is one other regular course for intensive practical training in Knitting
(v) Technicians Training Certificate Course in Knitwear Manufacture (Power Driven Machines) (1 year Course)
This is the only institution of its kind in the country giving Diploma in Knitting Technology and intensive practical training on all types of modern knitting machines and in textile dyeing, bleaching, finishing, printing and garment dyeing and dry cleaning on semi-commercial and laboratory basis. For these special facilities of training, students from all over India and even from the neighbouring countries seek training in the Institutes.
Physical Education, tournaments and others extra-curricular activities receive due attention in the district. An Assistant Education Officer (P.T.) is incharge of physical education in schools and arranges tournaments, games, sports, etc., in educational institutions. There is a district School Tournament Committee, with District Education Officer as its ex-officio Chairman. In high and higher secondary schools, a P.T.I. or primary schools, a few teachers look after this work.
The tournaments held at School level each year are : Zonal High Schools Tournament, District High Schools Tournaments, Zonal Middle Schools Tournament and District Middle Schools Tournament.
(F) National Fitness Crops, National
Cadet Crops and Scouts and Guides
National Fitness Crops.- Launched in 1954 as the National Discipline Scheme, the National Fitness Crops go tits present name in 1965 after the National Discipline Scheme had been merged with several other items of the physical education programme and the Auxiliary Cadet Crops17.
17.
Recently, the Union Government has decided to disband the 13 year old
programme and to arrange for the placement of instructor in the States. The sates have not, however, been reported
to have reacted favourably to the suggestion.
Thus, introduced in 1965, the National Fitness Crops at development of physical efficiency, toughness, courage, endurance, discipline, patriotic fervour, appreciation of democratic values of life and love for the country amongst the students. Essentially a planned programme of national reconstruction to help children grow up into responsible citizens, the National Fitness Crops endeavors to achieve its objective by inculcating in children a sense of discipline, organisation and leadership. This entails a variegated programme for developing physical, mental and emotional capacity. It includes a variety of exercise and activities involving the general development of physique. Various sets of exercise, traditional Indian exercise, yogic exercise, gymnastic movements and other activities have been included and recommended with due to consideration to the age levels and sex differences.
The programme is a compulsory curricular activity for all children of the age group 9–16 in middle, high and higher secondary schools. Initially, owning to the paucity of trained teachers, it has been introduced only in High and higher secondary schools. Its strength in the district at the end of March, 1967 was 10,24,289 including 90,670 boys and 13,619 girls.
The Circle Incharge, National Fitness Crops, Ludhiana, is incharge of the working of the scheme in Ludhiana and Ferozpore districts. He is under the senior supervisor, National Fitness Crops (Northern region), Ministry of Education, Government of India, Chandigarh.
National Cadet Crops.- The National Cadet Crops is the biggest and the most significant youth movement in the country . It was started in 1948 with a view to fostering physical fitness and inculcating a spirit of discipline, co-operation, leadership and team work among its members. In its application the N. C. C. is complementary to the academic institutions. The aims of the national Cadet Crops are, to develop character, comradeship, the ideal of service and capacity for leadership in young men and women ; to provide service training to youngmen and women so as to stimulate interest in the defence of the country and to build up a reserve of manpower to enable the Armed Forest to expand rapidly in a national emergency.
In Ludhiana district, the first unit of the National Cadet Crops, known as 3 Pb. Bn. N. C. C. Ludhiana, was established in October, 1948 in the Government College for Boys, Ludhiana.
In 1965-66, the N. C. C. Group Headquarters, Ludhiana, had 10 N. C. C. Units under its command and control. The group consisted of 52 Infantry Companies plus 2 platoons of Senior Division N. C. C. Boys and Girls Cadets, 58 Troops of Junior Division Boys and Girls Cadets and 194 A. C. C. Section.
Some officers and cadets from the district participate in the All-India Advance Leadership Camps of Junior and Senior Divisions Boys (Army Wing).
During the Indo-Pak Conflict of September, 1965, 17 N. C. C. Officers and 462 Cadets, both boys and girls, were employed on civil defence duties of guarding the bridges, traffic points, telephone exchanges and other allied duties at Ludhiana and out-stations.
The training to the cadets is imparted by N.C.C. and A.C.C. Officers who are selected from amongst the teachers. They are, however, assisted by the permanent instructional staff of the army.
The strength of cadets at the end of March, 1966, was as under :
|
Division
|
|
Strength |
|
A C C (Boys) |
.. |
3,144 |
|
A C C (Girls) |
.. |
230 |
|
Junior Division N.C.C (Boys) |
|
4,972 |
|
Junior Division N.C.C (Girls) |
|
455 |
|
Senior Division N.C.C (Boys) |
|
8,197 |
|
Senior Division N.C.C (Girls) |
|
1,134 |
|
Total |
.. |
18,132 |
Scouts and Guides. – Under the chairmanship of the Deputy Commissioner, the District Bharat Scouts and Guides Association is working for the promotion of the movement. Its strength in the district at the end of March, 1966 was 2,184 comprising 1,280 scouts and 904 guides.
For this purpose, the district is divided into 15 zones18 , each under the charge of a Local Headmaster or Principal.
18. The
15 zones into which Ludhiana district is divided in respect of scouts and
guides movement are : Ludhiana, Raikot, Jagaron, Dakha, Doraha, Nasrali, Payal,
Khanna, Samrala, Sanghol, Sidhwan Bet, Sahnewal, Lalton Klan, Halwara and
Mangat.
The activities comprise training camps, refresher courses, week-end camps, tahsil camps, district camps, divisional camps, site seeing, hiking trips, etc.
(g) Sports. – Government have taken steps to popularise sports activities in the district, both among men and women.
A District sports Officer was appointed at Ludhiana in May, 1962. sports Associations have been formed in all the ten blocks of the district to popularise sports and youth programme activities in rural areas. Grants have been given to village panchayats in almost all the blocks to lay out village/block level playgrounds for use of village youth for various sports activities. Grant on 50 : 50 basis for village level grounds is Rs. 2,500 and for block level it is Rs. 5,000. The deficiency of open speaces is thus being made up
so that village sportsmen may also get opportunities to play games. To encourage the promising and budding sportsmen and athletes, a scheme for the grant of annual scholarships has been introduces. Scholarships to the tune of Rs. 20 per mensem, per head, to school students (both sexes) and Rs. 30 per mense, per head, to college students (both sexes) are awarded.
To improve the standard of games, a scheme for the establishment of regional coaching centres for various games has been started. In Ludhiana district, coaching centres for hockey, atheletics, and basket-ball have been functioning since May, 1963. Almost all the educational institutions in Ludhiana proper and some others from rural areas have been taken up for coaching, and training, according to the latest techniques of the different games, is being imparted daily so that the trainees should improve their standards.
The coaches of various games, posted at Ludhiana, visit different institutions for two hours daily in the morning and impart instructions about the fundamentals to the students having special aptitude for different games. The physical education staffs of the respective institutions follow up the programme and thus raise their standard by daily practice.
17. The Coaches also attend to rural coaching for a week in a month. Village Youth Clubs have been formed in about a score of village and the important villages in the district will also be covered gradually. Government have introduced a scheme to extend grants to all the Village Youth Clubs for purchase of sports material and paying honorarium to the leaders of the clubs who will be directly responsible for the maintenance of record and smooth running of the coaching centres.
Block Level tournaments are conducted every month so that village youths may also take part in the competition held by the block sports associations. Regular coaching camps are also organised. To improve the standard of rural players, panchayat Tournaments at the block level, and district level and State level are held every year.
League and knock out competitions are arranged by the Sports Department both for (junior and senior) boys and girls for creating healthy atmosphere, tracing out talent and selection of teams for giving advance training and preparing them for the State and national level competitions.
The District Sports Officer also visits various schools to see that the physical education staff implement the coaching schedules prepared in consultation with the District Sports Officer.
Arrangements have also been made to popularise sports among women. A District Sports Officer (W) was appointed in August, 1965. Competitions at the school/college level, district level, University level and inter-University level are organised from time to time. Besides, tournaments are held by the Educational Department and the District Sports Association.
Regional coaching centres have been started for women where training is imparted daily in hockey, basket-ball and athletics. Coaching camps for a fortnight or two are organised in rural areas where selected girls are given training.
Women Youth Clubs have been formed at block level where training is given. Competitions are held among these clubs and students and teachers of nearby schools take part in them. Tournaments are organised at Bloc, district and State levels.
(G) Cultural and Literary Societies and Periodicals
Among the cultural societies functioning in the district, mention may be made of the following :-
Jot Kala Kendra, Ludhiana. – It was established in 1962 to promote Punjabi culture, national unity through cultural programme, publicise development schemes through songs, dramas, etc., and aid the needy poets and men of literary taste.
Among the literary societies, functioning in the district, the following deserve mention :-
Punjabi Sahitya Akademi, Ludhiana. - It is an all-India organisation of Punjabi scholars, literateurs and artists and is devoted to the cause of the development and promotion of Punjabi language, literature and culture. It is a registered body under the Societies Registration Act, 21 of 1860, with its headquarters at Ludhiana. It is associated with the Central Sahitya Akademi are : to train and prepare scholars for research and creative literature ; to establish a Central Library, Research Institute, and Sahitya Sadan ; to undertake the publication of standard bookd and journals ; and to undertake and encourage translation of standard works from and into other languages.
Since its inception in 1954, the Akademi has published upto July, 1966. 40 outstanding research books and held 9 All-India Punjabi Conferences at Ludhiana, Patiala, Delhi, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Ambala, Jullundur, Bombay and Ludhiana. Besides, the Akademi held more than 50 literary seminars, political symposia and cultural functions. It publishes its own quarterly research journal Alochana.
In order to extend the scope of its activities and strengthen its functioning, the Akademi set up in 1966 a centre of its own, called ‘Punjabi Bhawan’, at Ludhiana, on the Ludhiana – Ferozepore Road. Inaugurated on 2nd July, 1966, the Punjabi Bhawan at Ludhiana is a multi-storeyed building and has, among other features, an auditorium with a capacity of 1,000, an open-air theatre, a reference library, a research institute, a writers’ home, a writer’s gallery, an art gallery, a printing press, etc.
Periodicals. – The cultural and literary periodicals, published in the district are detailed elsewhere.
In the Sikh period, Maharaja Ranjit Singh established and maintained a library in the State toshakhana. Though Maharaja Ranjit Singh was an unlettered man, he was a great patron of learned men and scholars. The Maharajas of Patialawere also great lovers of books and they purchased valuable, rare and illuminated manuscripts and preserved them in the palace Library.
In the British Period, the Punjab University College was started at Lahore in the year 1882. The Punjab Library was established at Lahore in 1884 with the object of providing a library for the use of all classes of the people and a reading-room open to the public free of charge. The library contributed to the intellectual advancement of the country by placing within the reach of the students and scholars such scientific works as would be impossible for them to acquire. After the partition, the Punjab Library Association was also uprooted, but it was rehabilitated early in 1948, in East Punjab and re-organised at Simla. It held its first Provisional Library Conference and Book Festival at Simla in October, 1948. Similar library conferences and Book Festivals were also held at other places in the State. These activities of the Punjab Library Association paved the way for a planned and co-ordinated development of libraries and improvement of library service in the State.
With a view to co-ordinating and rationalizing the existing library facilities and to providing more facilities for the proper functioning of libraries and reading rooms run by various departments of Government and local bodies, the Punjab Government in the year 1950 set up a Central Body designated as the “Central Library Committee” in which the Punjab Library Association is also represented by its President. The Committee did excellent work in implementing the plan, known as Radhawa Plan, which envisaged setting up of new libraries in beautiful surroundings and furnishing them with well-designed furniture, picture and paintings concerning Punjab and its people. Under this scheme, new public libraries were started in urban and rural areas of the State. Punjab State has not lagged behind other States in India in the development of academic and special libraries. There is a net work of libraries functioning both in urban and rural areas of the State, which are rendering useful service to the public.
The following libraries are functioning in the district :-
Panchayat Libraries. – Generally every panchayat in the district maintains a small library for the promotion of education in rural areas.
Municipal Libraries. – All the municipalities in the district, viz., Ludhiana, doraha, Jagraon, Raikot, Samrala and Khanna maintain libraries and reading rooms for public use.
Municipal Public Library, Ludhiana.
Located on the top floor of the municipal office building, the municipal Public Library, Ludhiana, was founded in 1878 by G.E. Wakefield, the then Deputy Commissioner and President, Municipal Committee, Ludhiana. It contains 9,197 books on all subjects and subscribes to 28 dailies, 30 weeklies and 9 monthly magazines. The library also runs 18 part-time reading rooms in different parts of the city, each of which is provided with 23 dailies and 31 periodicals for the readers.
The Library remains open for seven hours a day. A resident of Ludhiana can become a member on payment of Rs. 3 as annual subscription and Rs. 10 as security for drawal of books. A person can become a life-member of the Library on payment of Rs. 50 in lumpsum or on donation of books of the same value.
Private Libraries. –Shri Atma Ram Jain, Library, Ludhiana, is the only private public library in the district. Besides, most of the religious bodies in the district maintain their own libraries/reading rooms which contain literature mostly relating to their particular sects.
College and School Libraries. – All the high/higher secondary schools and colleges in the district have their own libraries meant for the use of their students and teachers.
Punjab Agricultural University
Library, Ludhiana. – The Punjab
Agricultural University Library system comprises three libraries located at
different campuses of the University ; Ludhiana, Hissar (in Haryana) and
Palampur (in Himachal Pradesh). Close co-operation among the three campuses of
the University is maintained and books and journals are freely loaned form one
campus of the University to another.
Any teacher or post-graduate student is automatically a member of all
campus libraries and can borrow any book from any campus he chooses. Books are also loaned to other co-operating
libraries all over India.
Two publications, viz., Monthly Book Sampler and Received This
Week, were being issued simultaneously at Ludhiana and Hissar, as part of
their “current awarness services”. A
consolidated list of disseratations has also been published at Ludhiana.
The Ludhiana Campus Library is the most developed but it is faced with
extreme shortage of space. It has
therefore, been spread over three campus buildings : one in the College of
Agriculture Building, one in College of Agricultural Engineering Building, and
one in Post-graduate Wing.
The library has also acquired sophisticated equipment for documentations
and microfilming (being one of the first libraries in India to do so).
Punjab University Extension Library, Ludhiana. – At the initiative of the University Grants
Commission, Punjab University, Chandigarh, and the India wheat Loan Educational
Exchange Programme of the U.S. Embassy, an Extension Library was established at
Ludhiana in July, 1960. Initially
housed in Zila Parishad building in the District Courts, it shifted on October
12, 1967, to its own newly constructed building, with a capacity of 200 readers
and stock capacity of 1,50,000 books.
It has an auditorium with a seating capacity of 250, where cultural,
social and instructional programmes are arranged.
In 1966-67, the library had 42,000 books, subscribed to 225 magazines and
newspapers, and had a membership of about 3,000. Reading machines for microforms such as Microfilm Reader and
Microcard Reader are available to facilitate consultation of research material
no longer available in printed form.
The character of this library is unique in India not so much because of
its name but because of the types of services it renders. It caters for the requirements of readers
right from a researcher. Another unique
feature of the library is that it provides service to the local community which
brings it into the category of public library.19
19. The Punjab University Extension Library,
Ludhiana, casters to the needs of people residing, serving, studying, teaching
and working at Ludhiana or within a radius of 60 kilometres.
Besides, the library offers bibliographical services in regard to Indian
News Index, Punjab University Dovtoral Dissertations, Subject Guide to Indian
Periodicals in Economics, Vidhaya Shirshak Suchi (list of Subject Headings in
Hindi), etc.
MEDICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH
|
v
|
|
|
v
|
|
|
v
|
|
|
v
|
(a) Survey
of public Health and Medical Facilities in early times.- The indigenous system of medicine-known as Ayurveda
has been in vogue in the country from very early times. Despite the prevailing
superstitions the scientific spirit progressed and the ancient Ayurvedic system
became highly developed and produced eminent practitioners like Dhanwantri,
Charak, Shuskata and Vagbhat.
Ayurvedic system was fairly advanced in diagnostic
methods. All senses were employed from diagnosis. Pulse also played a great
role in diagnosis and prognosis and elaborate pulse lore was developed. The
classification of disease was quite elaborate.
Therapeutics were based largely on hygiene and
diet-both of great importance in ancient civilization. Pharmacy was highly
developed and Ayurveda mentions no less than 760 vegetable drugs in addition to
those from animal and mineral products. Hospitals were established in the
country long before the Christian era. Greatest accomplishment of Ayurveda was
in the field of Surgery. Excision, incision, scarification, puncture, probing,
extraction, squeezing and sewing were elaborately described by Shustrata.
Rhinoplasty (replacement of the nose) was a unique achievement in Hindu period
owing to the practice of cutting the nose as a punishment under the law.
Etiological relationships of rats in plague and mosquitoes in malaria wer also fully recognised.
Rhazes, Habibun-Abbo and Avicena were best known practitioners
and teachers in Arabic medicine and their works were followed by most of the
Mohammadans all the world ove. The muslims were greatly influenced by the Greek
system of medicine and for the same reason the method of treatment adopted by
the muslims, through similar to the Ayurveda in many ways, came to be known as
‘Unani’ or Greek System. Sections of the Mohammadans, however, Like the Hindus
also, believed in superstitions and they attached considerable importance to
amulets and charms to ward off the evil effects of certain diseases. Prayers,
too, for curing diseases were much relied upon.
Druing
Mohammadan period, the Ayurveda and Unani systems of medicine were generally
practiced. The Unani system became more popular in the urban areas due to the
patronage of the rules; but in the rural areas, where a major part of the
population resided, Ayurveda continued to be practiced.
In
the 18th century the Sikhs wielded power in the Punjab and in their
time there was some revival of Ayurvedic system; but simultaneously the
influence of Unani System was also discernible .Public health was not
considered to be a major problem; since most of the time was utilised by the
rulers in the expansion of their dominions and collection of revenue. Under
peaceful conditions and benevolent rulers free medical aid in some form was
available in big towns. The people in the rural areas had to fend for
themselves as best as possible.
General
Standard of Health as reflected by Statistics.-
The Population of the district according to census figures from 191 onwards
would indicate the trend of variation amongst males and female:
|
Years |
|
Persons |
Decade variation |
Percentage decade variation |
Males |
Females |
|
1901 |
.. |
6,51,937 |
.. |
.. |
3,56,567 |
2,95,370 |
|
1911 |
.. |
5,03,842 |
-1,48,095 |
-22.72 |
2,85,393 |
2,18,449 |
|
1921 |
.. |
5,53,200 |
+49,358 |
+9.80 |
3,10,044 |
2,43,156 |
|
1931 |
.. |
6,56,660 |
+1,03,460 |
+18.70 |
3,66,683 |
2,89,977 |
|
1941 |
.. |
8,01,093 |
+1,44,433 |
+22.00 |
4,37,336 |
3,63,757 |
|
1951 |
.. |
8,07,418 |
+6,325 |
+0.79 |
4,37,336 |
3,70,082 |
|
1961 |
.. |
10,22,519 |
+2,15,101 |
+26.64 |
5,51,304 |
4,71,215 |
(Source: Ludhiana District Census Handbook, 1961 p.
161)
These statistics reveal that there has been steady increase in population. There has not, however, been notable increase in population from 1941 to 1951, the period covering the partition of Punjab for the obvious reason that most of the Muhammadans migrated to West Pakistan and in their place the displaced persons from certain districts of west Pakistan settled in the district. As the land left by Muslims was much less in the district, the number of migrants rehabilitated here could not be more. The exceptional rise in the population of the district in 1961 is not only due to rapid industrialisation of Ludhiana; but also to increase in the birth rate and decrease in death rate caused by the improved medicals facilities available in the district.
The registration of vital statistics, as elsewhere, is compulsory throughout the district. In rural areas the chowkidars maintain ‘Birth and Death Registers’. Necessary records are also maintained by the municipalities in the urban areas. Besides other advantage the procedure provides a dependable record of the growth of population and it also helps in visualizing the scope of measures to be taken to check the mortality rate and also to devise ways and means to effect family planning etc. the chief Medical Officer complies this data. Appendix I at page 582 indicates the birth and death rates and infantile mortality rate, etc.
There has been marked increase in the birth rat since 1954. It was highest in 1955. This increase was interalia due to comparatively peaceful and easy conditions. During the Third Five-Year plan period the birth rate was on decrease due largely to extensive Family Planning and birth control measures undertaken by the Government. The mortality rate was highest in the years 1946 and 1947. As a result of improved medical facilities in the Third Five-Year Plan mortality rate was reduce appreciably
Important Causes of Mortality - The important causes of mortality in the district
are fever, dysentery, respiratory diseases and injuries. Appendix II at page
583 given some of the important causes of detail.
(C) Diseases Common in the District:
(i)
Fevers - The largest mortality in the district
is due to fevers, such as Tyhid, Malaria and other types of Fevers. These are
caused by unhealthy living and poor diet. the ailments are chronic and the
Medical Department finds it difficult to eradicate them. Ordinary fevers may be
successfully checked by sulpha-drugs and anti-biotics. Medical facilities have,
however, been made available in the remotest corner in the district. Further to
remove the persistent cause of fevers, the Government proposes to clear the
slums in big cities and towns. The improvement Trust, Ludhiana, has taken some
practical measures in this direction. Better living and balanced diet would
ultimately eliminate or at least lessen considerably the general types of
fevers.
(ii) Respiratory Diseases - Respiratory Diseases, which are responsible for
mortality only next to fever, are caused by different types of smokes, fumes,
vapors of chemical gases, released by the burning of charcoal, coke, etc.- a
necessary material required in industry. These gases pollute the atmosphere all
the twenty-four hours and are inhaled by the local population. The smoke is
constant source of irritation and harmful to the respiratory organs. Another
factor responsible for aggravating the diseases in the large influx of labour
class form the rural areas of Ludhiana in search of employment. Diseases like
Tuberculosis and find favourable conditions in overcrowded, dart and dingy
factories, wherefrom thee are carried back in the dwelling of labourers. The
slums greatly help in the spread of disease. Working long hours is extremely
unhealthy surroundings leads to low resistance which further aggravates the
weakness in respiratory mechanism and increases the number of victims.
No check is maintained on the discharge of harmful gases and smokers in the city. Factories Act, 1948, however, lays down that there should be proper disposal of gases in the atmosphere and any harmful wastage should be removed to places where it does not effect the public health.
(iii) Malaria - The next common disease is Malaria, which is own
practically extinct in the district. This disease used to take heavy toll of
thousands of persons in the district in the Bet areas. the National Malaria
Control Programme followed by National Malaria Eradication Programme reached
the stage of surveillance in 1959. the measure has reduced the morbidity and
mortality to almost base line. From 1964 N.M.E.P. entered into maintenance
phase. It will be interest to deal with the matte in detail to form a clear
picture of the eradication of the disease in the district.
Malaria
control Programme was taken up in the district in 1953. The Malaria Unit,
Ferozepore, carried out various anti-malaria operations in the riverain tracts
of Ludhiana District. In 1954, a few more units were opened and accordingly the
Jullundhur Unit was made responsible for carrying out anti-malaria measures in
endemic areas of the district. In 1959 the State switched over to National
Malaria Eradication Programme. A mypoendemic unit was raised at Ludhiana. This
unit was mainly responsible for taking up measures in the way of residual
insecticidal spraying in mypoendemic areas of Ludhiana District, Moga Tahsil of
the Ferozepore District and Phillaur Tahsil of the Jullundhur District. The
unit continued covering these myoendemic areas while endemic areas of the
district remained under the control of the Jullundhur Unit. In 1962, on
re-organisation, Ludhiana and Jagraon tahsils of Ludhiana District and Moga
Tahsil of Ferozepore district were put under the control of Ludhiana Unit and
Samrala Tahsil under the Chandigarh
Unit. Subsequently the entire district was put under the Ludhiana
District Unit.
The number of Malaria cases treated in Hospitals/dispensaries in the Malaria Unit, Ludhiana, pertaining to the agencies of Ludhiana District is given below :
|
Year |
All cases |
Fevers only |
Percent |
|
1959-60 |
1,41,549 |
3,429 |
2.4 |
|
1960-61 |
1,54,637 |
1,922 |
1.2 |
|
1961-62 |
2,82,339 |
347 |
014 |
From
1964 the unit was brought to the maintenance phase.
The statement showing rounds of
D.D.T spray in Malaria unit, Ludhiana, Pertaining to the Villages of Ludhiana district
are given below :
|
Year |
Number of villages |
Population protected |
Covered area(in Sq.miles) |
Houses sprayed |
Rooms sprayed |
Number of rounds |
|
1959-60 |
275 |
4,30,147 |
- |
N.A. |
- |
Ist |
|
1960-61 |
276 |
4,33,635 |
- |
- |
- |
Ist |
|
1961-62 |
275 |
5,67,964 |
481.85 |
78,972 |
3,440 |
Ist |
Spray
operations were withdrawn from 1962-63.
The
figure given hereunder indicate stages of malaria cases during surveillance and
maintenance phase :
|
Year |
Number of fever cases detected |
Number of blood smears collected |
Number of cases given presumptive treatment |
Number of blood smears examined |
Number of smears found positive |
Number of positive cases radically treated |
|
1962 |
83,207 |
83,307 |
82,375 |
- |
11 |
- |
|
1963 |
76,224 |
75,172 |
76,055 |
84,845 |
4 |
- |
|
1964 |
1,08,408 |
1,15,281 |
1,07,483 |
1,15,281 |
6 |
6 |
|
1965 |
46,226 |
47,507 |
43,549 |
47,477 |
2 |
2 |
|
1966 |
70,602 |
69,103 |
71,252 |
67,575 |
41 |
41 |
|
1967 |
69,633 |
78,114 |
64,923 |
77,843 |
32 |
32 |
|
1968** |
85,174 |
1,03,458 |
83,386 |
1,03,121 |
50 |
50 |
**one
Block Sidhwan Bet was reverted to attacked phase temporarily in 1968 and two
rounds of spray were given in the infected area.
(iv) Dysentry and Diarrhoea.- Next
among the common diseases are dysentery and diarrhoea. These diseases caused by
infection adversely reflect on the hygienic conditions of the areas. From 1953
Primary Health Centres, one each in N.E.S Programme, have become permanent
features of the medical facilities. Apart from the medical aid provided in
these centres services like maternity and child health, environment sanitation,
check of communicable diseases, school health services, vital statistics,
health education and family planning are being well looked after particularly
in the rural areas. the Medical department is keen on elimination epidemics and
endemics but ultimately it is the preventive measures in the form of healthy
living, protected water-supply and drainage system and change in diet habits
that would ensure complete elimination of the infections.
(v) Communicable Diseases.- The communicable Diseases-Cholera Small-Pox and
Plague, have also not been noted in district since 1948. The general preventive
measures protected water-supply, drainage system and de-rating and preventive
inoculations have been some of the significant factors in the elimination of
these diseases. Preventive inoculations are also done at melas, wherever
necessary.
Small-Pox.- While Cholera and Plague
have disappeared from the district, small-pox, despite persistent effects, has
not been completely eradicated. There were 10 cases in 1963. The main reasons
for this are that people do not voluntarily get themselves vaccinated after intervals.
Unhygienic living in rural and slum-area is also to a large extent responsible
for its incidence. Form 1956 the disease except in 1963 when some deaths were
registered from small-pox.
Small-pox
cases continue to occur during certain seasons every year and the disease
appears in epidemic form once in a span of 5-6 years. Keeping in view the
gravity of the situation National Small-Pox Eradication Programme was launched
in 1961-63. Mass campaign was started and the entire population of the district
was vaccinated. This colossal work was done under the supervision of medical
Officer specially appointed for the purpose. Beside medical staff posted in the
district, medical personal posted under the Zila Parishads and the
municipalities were also called upon to undertake vaccination work. In the
rural area I Superintendent Vaccination., 14 Vaccinators and 5 Assistant
vaccination and Rural sanitation vaccination have been appointed. In Ludhiana
City there are 7 vaccination stations with equal number of vaccinators under a
superintendent Vaccination, Ludhiana.
Periodic
disinfection of open wells in all villages of the district is also done by the
sanitation staff.
Appendix III at page 584 would show the incidence of small-pox and the details of preventive measures taken in the district.
Plague.-
Plague, presently non-existent, was the most feared of all the pestilences.
Ever since its spread in 1897 it was never entirely eliminated from the State
till 1937. It brought have in the district from 1901-04, as mentioned
elsewhere. Since partition, like other district of the State, this pestilence
has not been noticed in Ludhiana. This has been achieved y extensive and
repeated use D.D.T and gammexene in the treatment of rat burrows and flea
harborages in the endemic areas. Utmost vigilance is also maintained and every
possible precaution is taken to apply preventive measures, including
anti-plague inoculation, wherever human cases occur.
Tuberculosis.- A
Tuberculosis clinic is functioning in Ludhiana since 1954. It is engaged in
anti-Tuberculosis work. It was upgraded in 1957 and provided with the necessary
equipment. The patients avail themselves of facilities, free of cost, of
diagnosis and treatment. This clinics is manned by a doctor, health Visitor, a
Laboratory Technician, an X-Ray Technician besides other supporting staff. The
work done by the clinic from 1960 onwards in different fields is given
hereunder:
Year |
Number of persons vaccinated |
Number of persons treated |
|
1960 |
2,485 |
845 |
|
1961 |
596 |
911 |
|
1962 |
- |
1,030 |
|
1963 |
- |
903 |
|
1964 |
- |
1,135 |
|
1965 |
79 |
991 |
|
1966 |
318 |
1,060 |
|
1967 |
246 |
1,257 |
|
1968 |
431 |
1,429 |
A team of B.C.G. Vaccinators covers the whole district under the supervision of the chief medical officers, Ludhiana.
(D) Organisation of Medical and Health Services
Previously medical services were divided into two wings-one
under the medical services and the other under the health wing. The Civil
Surgeon was the incharge of the medical services and was responsible for the
functioning of hospitals and dispensaries, medical and surgical work besides
being Government medical-legal expert, himself working under the administrative
control of the Director Health Services, Punjab. On the other side the District
Medical Officer of Health was incharge of Public health Wing of the Health
Organisation in the district. He, too, worked under the administrative control
of the Director, Health Services, Punjab. He was responsible for sanitation
improvement, disease prevention and health promotion services. He was also to
advise the municipalities on public health matters. In April, 1964, both these
wings were amalgamated. Under the new arrangement the Chief Medical Officer is
incharge of both the medical and health services in the district.
Administratively the medical staff employed by Zila Parishad has also been put
under his control. The staff however draws their salaries from the funds of
Zila Parishad. This system was adopted for the purpose of increasing
efficiency.
The
Chief Medical Officer is assisted1by the Senior Medical Officer, 25
Medical Officers, 5 Assistant Medical Officers, 2 Dental Assistant Surgeons
(one male and the other Female), 44 Dispensers (males and females), 4 Staff
Nurses, 12 Nurse Dais, one X-Ray Assistant and a Laboratory Assistant in the
District.
1. The position is as 1-11-1966.
Out of the above mentioned strength the City Dispensary has a Medical Officer, 3 Dispensary and other miscellaneous staff and the Model Town Dispensary is manned by a Doctor, 2 Dispensers, 1 Nurse and Dial Besides other miscellaneous staff.
Public Hospitals.- Out of Government hospitals/dispensaries being
run in the district, civil Hospital, Ludhiana and Civil Hospital, Khanna, are
noteworthy. Civil Hospital, Ludhiana, is manned by a Senior Medical officer,
three Medical Officers, Eight Dispensers, two Nurses, Two Nurse Dais, X-Ray
Assistant, Laboratory Assistant, Dental Surgeons Besides Miscellaneous staff.
35.464 out-door patients, 1,886 in-door patients were treated in 1966.
The hospital, which has been constructed at a cost of Rs. 10 lakhs at Bharat Nagar Chowk is the second of its kind in the State. The first such hospital was constructed at Amritsar. The hospital will benefit about 25,000 labourers who are covered by the E.S.I. Scheme. The labourers Gobindgarh, Phillaur, Khanna and Malerkotla will also be provided medical treatment there.
Besides the provision of Clinical laboratories an, X-ray plant and two operation theatres have been set up.
The Government has also planned to construct residential quarters for the staff working in the E.S.I Hospital at a cost of Rs. 5 Lakhs.