(e) Public Trusts, Charitable Endowments, Muslim Wakfs, etc.

Charitable endowments have their own part to play in society. Many educational institutions, hospitals, dharamshalas and other social welfare organisations are either started or are materially assisted in their maintenance with the help of fund provided by philanthropists. There are also revenue-free grants of land attached to religious endowments in various tahsils.

Besides, there are a number of Muslim Wakfs, with the properties attached to them in many cases in various towns. Their administration is regulated by the Wakf Act (Central) of 1954. The Mutawallis of most of them migrated to West Pakistan after partition. Such of the religious endowments as have no ‘Mutwallis’ are managed by the Punjab Wakfs is spent for the unkeep of the institutions and for the purpose for which they were created or intended, and the surplus goes towards charitable purposes or towards the promotion of education, both religious and secular, of the particular community.

Public Trusts. – There were 29 registered public trusts in the district as on March 31, 1966, as detailed below :

Serial No.	Nature of public trusts	Number of public trusts
		Tahsil Ludhiana	Tahsil Jagraon	Tahsil Samrala	District Ludhiana
1	Purely religious	-	1	1	2
2	Educational	-	8	-	8
3	Rendering of other social services	-	-	-	-
4	Partly religious and partly charitable	-	15	-	15
5	Running of Dharamshalas, etc.	-	1	2	3
6	Medical	-	1	-	1
	Total	-	26	3	29

(Source : Tahsildars, Ludhiana, Jagraon and Samrala)

APPENDIX

List of Trade Unions Registered under the Trade Unions Act, 1962 functioning in Ludhiana District at the end of 1966

(Vide Pages 364 & 591)

Serial No	Name of the Union	Date of Regis-tration
1	Home Hosiery Manufactures Union, Ludhiana	4-9-41
2	Northern India Hosiery Manufacturing Corporation, Ludhiana	28-7-50
3	Bharat Hosiery Manufacturing Association, Ludhiana	24-6-51
4	Hosiery Workers Union, Ludhiana	21-2-52
5	District Textile Workers Union, Ludhiana	10-6-55
6	Ludhiana Transport Workers Union, Ludhiana	11-11-55
7	Palladar Workers Union, Khanna	2-12-55
8	Disrtict Motor Transport Workers Unions, Ludhiana	90-4-56
9	Municipal Mechanical Workers Union, Ludhiana	22-6-57
10	Municipal Mechanical Workers Union, Ludhiana	8-9-57
11	All India Defence (Civil) Union, Halwara	3-10-57
12	Northern Zone Railways Union, Ludhiana	17-2-58
13	Hosiery Workmen Association, Ludhiana	6-2-59
14	Punjab Animal Husbandry class IV Employees Union, Doraha	18-3-59
15	Ludhiana Iron and Steel Workers Union, Ludhiana	29-9-59
16	District Iron and Steel Works Union, Ludhiana	10-11-59
17	Shops and Commerical Employees union, Khanna	11-12-59
18	Trade Employees Union, Jagraon	19-12-59
19	General Labour Union, Khanna	28-5-60
20	City Rickshaw Workers Union, Ludhiana	22-8-60
21	Municipal Employees Union, Jagraon	21-9-60
22	Rickshaw workers union, Ludhiana	29-6-60
23	Dayanad Hosipatal Sweep[ers Union, Ludhiana	16-11-60
24	Road Transport Workers Union, Ludhiana	17-1-61
25	Shawi Manufactures Association, Ludhiana	20-7-61
26	Hosiery Industry Welfare Board, Ludhiana	18-9-61
27	Zila Parishad Belder Workers Union, Ludhiana	24-10-61
28	Ludhiana Machine Tools Makers Guild, Ludhiana	24-10-61
29	Ludhiana District Brick Kilns Workers Union, Ludhiana	24-4-62
30	Cottage Hosiery manufacturers Association, Ludhiana	2-7-62
31	Ludhiana Foundry and Engineers Association, Ludhiana	18-7-62
32	Hosiery Mazdoor Union, Ludhiana	27-7-62
33	Municipal Workmen Association, Ludhiana	18-8-62
34	Pearl Woolen Mills Workers union, Ludhiana	21-8-62
35	Ludhiana Hosiery Small Scale Union, Ludhiana	2-18-62
36	Ludhiana knitting Wool Processers Merchants Society, Ludhiana	16-10-62
37	Hand knitting Wool Processers welfare Society, Ludhiana	19-10-62
38	Shakki Mazdoor Union, Ludhiana	31-1-62
39	Hosiery Industry Federation, Ludhiana	141-1-62
40	Interlock Cloth and banyan Manufactures Association, Ludhiana	28-1-63
41	Ludhiana Cycle parts Suppliers Association, Ludhiana	1-4-63
42	Cycle Mazdoor Sangh, Ludhiana	11-4-63
43	National Transport Workers Union, Ludhiana	11-4-63
44	Municipal Subordinate Services Union, Jagraon	18-5-63
45	Metal Mazdoor Sangh Ludhiana	1-6-63
46	Dyeing and finishing Workers Union, Ludhiana	1-26-63
47	Ludhiana Electroplaters Association, Ludhiana	3-07-63
48	Banyan Manufactures Association, Ludhiana	1-68-63
49	Ludhiana Textile Mazdoor Uniion, Ludhiana	5-10-63
50	Woolen Mills Workers Association, Ludhiana	4-11-63
51	Supreme Laramchari Union, Ludhiana	8-11-63
52	Municipal Sweepers Union, Ludhiana	15-11-63
53	National Saw Mills Mazdoor Union, Ludhiana	26-12-63
54	District Engineering Workers Union, Ludhiana	20-1-64
55	Hosiery Amzdoor Sangh, Ludhiana	12-2-64
56	Railway porters Sangh, Ludhiana	14-3-64
57	Trade Employees Union, Ludhiana	20-4-64
58	Press workers union, Ludhiana	12-8-64
59	Krishana Roller and flour Mills Workers Union, Ludhiana	13-5-65
60	Municipal Employees Union, Ludhiana	16-5-65
61	Textile Master Association, Ludhiana	21-5-66
62	Dyeing factories Association, Ludhiana	2-6-66
63	National Trade Company Workers Unon, Ludhiana	9-6-66
64	Municipal Workers Union, Ludhiana	4-10-66
65	Ludhiana Co-Operative Store Employees Union, Ludhiana	13-12-66
66	Bank of India Employees Union, Punjab State, Ludhiana	2012-66

CHAPTER XVIII

PUBLIC LIFE AND VOLUNTARY SOCIAL SERVICE ORGANISATIONS

v Representation of the District in the State and the Union Legislatures

v Political Parties and Organizations

v Newspapers and periodicals

v Voluntary Social Service Organizations

(a) Representation of the District in the State and the union Legislatures

The First General Elections, 1952. – Immediately after Independence of the country in 1947 the foremost task for the coalition Government, then in power, was to take necessary steps for the framing of a new Constitution for the proposed Republic of India. A Constitution committee was accordingly formed for the purpose. The Constitution of India was finally approved by the end of 1949. this was enforced with effect from January, 26, 1950 and clearly defined the duties, rights and obligations of the people. The cardinal point, however, was for the Government to seek the verdict and enjoy the confidence of the people through general elections. The existing election rules had been framed by the British rulers whereby barely 13 per cent of the total population were eligible for franchise. The number of voters was restricted by laying down in stipulations of literacy, etc. Under the new Constitution every adult of 21, male or female, was entitled to vote barring those who were otherwise disqualified under the Constitution of India. The adult universal franchise afforded equal opportunity to the illiterate persons – the right rarely enjoyed in many underdeveloped countries. After making necessary arrangements for conducting elections, the Government of India announced the holding of the first General Elections early in 1952.

The task of conducting the First General Elections in 1951-52 was of unprecedented magnitude and complexity. The influx of refuges from Pakistan coupled with the extension of the franchise from 13 per cent to 50 per cent of the population required the preparation of new electoral rolls in very limited time ; delimitation of constituencies had to be undertaken afresh. No less than 7,000 polling stations had to be set up as against 1,300 in 1946 ; and thousands of subordinate staff had to be initiated into the new and complicated election procedure. The experience of general elections in 1951-52 revealed several short-coming of the gigantic exercise and laid the foundation that proved exceedingly useful in subsequent elections.

In the General Elections of 1952, out of a total population of 8,08,105 (1951 Census) in the district, 4,69,207 persons were eligible for franchise. There was a double member Parliamentary constituency of Ferozepur-Ludhiana. The details of the constituency are as follows :-

Name of Constituency		Extntnet of consti-tuency	No of seats		No of electors	Total no of votes	Total No of votes polled	Per cent age
1	2			3	4	5	6	7
Ferozepore Ludhiana Double-Member Constituency	Zira and Moga Tahsils, Ferozepore tahsil (excluding Nathana thana) and Muktsar (excluding Kot Bhai thana and Bhaggsar zail of Muktsr thana) of ferozepore district and Ludhiana District (excluding Samrala tahsil and Sahmewal thana of Ludhiana tahsil) but incuding Sahnewal zail of Sahnewal thana			2	7,64,171	15,28,342	8,11,733	53.11

Both the legislators returned for the Lok Sahba were Akali Dal candidates. The number of votes polled by each of the contesting parties was as follows :-

Name of Party	No of valid votes	Percentage of total valid votes polled in the district
1	2	3
Akali Dal	3,03,274	37.4
Congress	2,83,870	34.7
Independent	1,08,532	13.4
Scheduled Caste Federation	1,16,057	14.5
Total	8,11,733	100

For the Punjab Vidhan Sabha, there were 6 constituencies consisting of 8 seats in the district. The details of the constituencies were as follows :-

Name of Consti-tuency	Extent of constituency	No of seats	No of electors	Total no of votes	Total No of votes polled	Per cent age
1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Smarala	Samrala Tahsil and Sahnewal thana (excluding Shnewal zail)of Ludhiana tahsil	2	2,08,114	208,114	1,18,273	56.83
Ludhiana City North	Wards No. 1 to 5 of Ludhiana city and Mangat and Khasi kalan Zails and Ludhiana Zail (excluding Jawahar Nagar camp Model Town and the village of Taraf Gahliwal, taraf Karabara Taraf nur Bhani, Taraf Piru Banda and Burra of Ludhiana sadar thana of Ludhiana	1	51,868	51,868	26,116	50.35
Ludhiana City South	Wards No 6 to 13 of Ludhiana city and jawahar Nagar camp and Model town and village of taraf Piru Banda of Ludhiana Zail of Luhiana Sadar thana of Ludhiana tahsil.	1	57,582	57,582	27,865	480.38
Jagraon	Jagraon tahsil	2	2,24,122	2,24,122	1,26,477	56.44
Ludhiana Sadar	Nurpur Bet, Baddowal, Dhandra, Lalton, Sahnewal Zail ofSahnewal thana Kalan, gill and Dhandari kalan Zail of Ludhiana. Sadar Thana and Shankar and Hans Zails of Dehlon thana (excluding Shankar and hans Zails of Ludhiana tahsil)	1	60,190	60,190	33,614	55.84
Dehlon	Pakhowal and Andlu Zaisl .. of Raikot thana and Dahlon thana (excluding Shankar and Hans Zails of Ludhiana tahsils)	1	56,975	56,975	34,459	60.48

5 Akali Dal 2 Congress and 1 Independent candidates, were returned from constituencies of the district.

The number of the votes polled by each of the contesting parties was as follows :-

Name of Party	No of valid votes	Percentage of total valid votes polled in the district
1	2	3
Akali Dal	1,24,974	34.5
Communist	15,767	4.2
Congress	81,295	22.2
Forward Block	19,151	5.2
Independent	81,446	22.2
Jan Sangh	10,866	2.8
Scheduled Caste Federation	22,770	6.1
Socialist	10,535	2.8
Total	366,804	100

The Second General Elections, 1957. - Certain significant changes were effected in elections law and procedure in 1957 in the light of the experience of the First General Elections. The election law was simplified for the facility of public and the candidates. The rules for the registration of names in electoral rolls were made more liberal. Provision was added enabling candidates to retire even after the withdrawal of candidatures. Polling was speeded up and the total period was reduced considerably, although the area involved was larger and covered both pre-merger Punjab and erstwhile Pepsu. For the first time arrangements were made for the poll to be held in the snow bound regions of Lahaul and Spiti. Different constituencies completed the poll in one day or in very few cases it lasted for 2 days. Votes were counted and the results declared as soon as the poll was completed in a constituency and counting was not deferred until poll in the entire state had been completed. Counting itself was done more speedily and in majority of cases it was completed in a single day.

During the general elections of 1957 there were 2 parliamentary constituencies in the district and the details of these are given as follows :-

Name of Constituency	Extntnet of consti-tuency	No of seats	No of electors	Total no of votes	Total No of votes polled	Per cent age
1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Ludhiana	Ludhiana District, Monga and Zira Tahsils and Ghalkhurd thana and Malawala part thana in ferozepore tahsil of Ferozepore district and Fairdkot Kanungo circle and patwar circle Nos.1 to 9 to 16 in Kot kanpura Kanungo circle in Faridkot tahsil of Bhatinda District.	2	8,07,145	16,14,290	9,33,918	57.8

Congress candidates were returned to the Lok Sabha from both these constituencies.

The number of votes polled by each of the contesting parties was as follows :-

Name of Party	No of valid votes	Percentage of total valid votes polled in the district
1	2	3
Communist	2,74,650	24.2
Congress	4,81,918	42.5
Independent	1,77,350	33.3
Total	9,33,918	100

The following table gives the position of the assembly seats in the district :-

Name of Consti-tuency	Extent of constituency		No of seats	No of electors	Total no of votes	Total No of votes polled	Per cent age
1	2	3		4	5	6	7
Smarala	Samrala Tahsil and Sahnewal thana (excluding Shnewal and Matterwara zail)of Ludhiana tahsil	2		1,12,227	2,24,454	1,28,062	57.5
1	2	3		4	5	6	7
Ludhiana City	Wards No. 1 to 20 of Ludhiana municipality	1		40,154	48,154	34,485	71.62
Ludhiana City North	Ludhiana Sadar thana (excluding Dhandari, Gill Dhandara and Lalton Kalan Zails and Ludhiana City thana,) excluding Wards No .1-20 of Ludhiana Municipality and Materwala Zail in Sahnewal thana, in Ludhiana tahsil.	1		60,622	60,622	38,024	62.72
Ludhiana South	Sahnewal Zail in Sahnewal thana,Dhandari, Gill, Dhandara and Lalton Kalan Zails in Ludhiana Sadar thana, Shankar, Hans, Malaudh, Pakhoke and Birkhurd Zails in Ldhiana Tahsil	1		63,224	63,224	32,733	51.77
Railkot	Jagraon tahsil (excluding Jagraon thana) Railkot part-thana, Dakha part-thana and Dehlon thana (excluding Shankar, Hans, Malaudh, Pakhoke and Berkhurd Zails) in Ludhiana tahsil	2		1,21,707	2,43,414	1,39,472	57.3
Jagraon	Jagraon thana in Jagraon	1		54,454	54,454	38,158	70.07

For these 8 Assembly constituencies, 7 congress and 1 jan Sangh candidates were returned.

The number of the votes polled by each of the contesting parties was as under :

Name of Party	No of valid votes	Percentage of total valid votes polled in the district
1	2	3
Communist	60,284	14.6
Congress	2,08,845	50.8
Independent	55,305	13.5
1	2	3
Jan Sangh	26,184	6.40
Praja Socialist Party	12,207	3.00
Scheduled Caste Federation	48,109	11.7
Total	4,10,934	100

The Third General elections, 1962. – A major improvement in the matter of elections in the State this time was in regard to the period of poll. While it took nearly 19 days to complete the poll during the Second General Elections, the poll this time was held and completed on a single day, I. e. on the 24^th February, 1962, throughout the State except in Kulu andd seraj constituencies where, on account of the areas being snow-bound and inaccessible, the poll was deferred and held towards the end of April. Punjab was the only State which had the distinction of having a single day poll both for the Parliamentary and Assembly elections. The counting of votes in regard to 152 constituencies was started on the 25^th of February and completed by 28^th February, 1962.

The Second General Elections were held on the ballot system of voting which meant completely closed compartments, one for the Parliamentary election and another for the Assembly election, and an arrary of ballot boxes in each of them equal to the number of contesting candidates. The old balloting system was retained only in the remote and inaccessible kulu and Seraj constituencies. In all other constituencies in the States, the device which is called “Marking system” was adopted. Under the marking system the voter was given two ballot papers, one (pink) for the Assembly and the other (white) for the Parliamentary elections. Each ballot paper bore the names of the contesting candidate and fascimile of the symbol attached to each of them. Unlike the Second General Elections, for which a common type of ballot paper was adopted, the ballot paper in the Third General Election varied in size as well as in contents from constituency to constituency according to the number of contesting candidates. The expenditure incurred by Government on conducting the Third General Elections was reduced and was approximately paise 13 per voter as compared to expenditure of paise 27 per voter during the Second General Elections, 1957.

The details of parliamentary constituency are as follows :-

Name of Consti-tuency	Extent of constituency		No of seats	No of electors	Total no of votes	Total No of votes polled	Per cent age
1	2	3		4	5	6	7
Ludhiana	Sidhwan Bet, Railkot Ludhiana South, Ludhiana city, Ludhiana North, Khanna, Samrala	1		4,80,460	4,80,460	3,28,096	68.29

The Akali candidate was returned from Ludhiana Constituency. The number of votes polled by each of the contesting parties was as under :

Name of Party	No of valid votes	Percentage of total valid votes polled in the district
1	2	3
Akali Dal	110386	34.70
Communist	60318	18.90
Congress	108516	34.00
Independent	11521	3.60
Jan Sangh	24771	7.40
Ram Rajya Parishad	3199	1.40
Total	318711	100

The details of the assembly seats in the district are as under :

Name of Consti-tuency	Extent of constituency		No of seats	No of electors	Total no of votes	Total No of votes polled	Per cent age
1	2	3		4	5	6	7
Jagraon	Jagraon thana in Jagraon tahsil	1		64,790	64,790	44,884	69.28
Sidhwan Bet (S.C.)	Sidhwan Bet thana Dhaka part-thana and Akalgarh zail in Railkot part-thana in Jagraon tahsil, Dhaka part-thana in Ludhiana tahsil	1		63,883	63,883	38,298	69.95
Railkot	Railkot part-thana (excluding Akalgarh zail) in Jagraon tahsil, Railkot part-thana and Dehlon thana (excluding Shankar, Hans, Malaudh Pakhoke and Ber Khurd zails) in Ludhiana tahsil of Ludhiana district and Bahadurgarh village in Malerkotla tahsil of Sangrur district	1		72,403	72,403	38,647	66.27
1	2	3		4	5	6	7
Ludhiana South	Sahnewal zail in sahnewal thana Dhandari, Gil, Dhandara and Lalton Kalan zails in Ludhiana Sadar thana, Shankar, Hans, Malaudh, Pakhoke and Ber Khurd zails in Dehlon thana in Ludhiana tahsil	1		73,309	73,309	50,236	68.53
Ludhiana City	Wards no. 1-20 of Ludhiana Municipality	1		49,755	49,755	39,939	80.27
Ludhiana North	Ludhiana Sadar thana (excluding Dhandari, Gill, Dhandara and Lalton kalan zails) and Ludhiana city thana (excluding wards Nos. 1-2 of Ludhiana munici-pality) and Mattewala zail in Sahnewal thana in Ludhiana tahsil	1		89,953	89,953	61,352	68.20
Khanna (S.C.)	Khanna thana and Nagar zails in Samrala thana in Samrala tahsil	1		62,869	62,869	41,704	66.33
Samrala	Samrala tahsil (excluding Khanna thana and Nagar zails in Samrala thana) and Sahnewal thana (excluding Sahnewal and Mattewala zails) in Ludhiana tahsil	1		67,288	67,288	48,021	71.37

For the eight assembly constituencies, 4 Akali, 3 Congress and 1 Independent candidates were returned.

The votes polled in favour of each party contesting the election are given below :

Name of Party	No of valid votes	Percentage of total valid votes polled in the district
1	2	3
Akali Dal	1,25,624	34.9
Communist	20,276	5.6
Congress	1,42,632	39.7
Independent	41,099	11.4
Jan Sangh	26,066	7.4
Republican	4,320	.1
Swat antra	481	.0
Total	3,60,948	100

Nine M.L.Cs were elected/nominated from Ludhiana District during the years 1952 to 1966.

The Fourth General Elections.1967.- Like the third General Elections the poll throughout the State was held on a single day on February 19 th.1967. The counting was started on 21st February and completed on 24th February.

As in the Third General Elections the Fourth General Elections were also held under the marking system of voting. The voter was given two ballot papers, one(pink) for the Assembly and the other (white), for Parliamentary election, which bore the names of the contesting candidates and the facsimile of symbol allotted to each of them . the size of ballot paper varied from constituency to constituency according to the number of contesting candidates. Despite the fact that there has been abnormal increase in the price of election material, higher salaries of the employees and enhanced traveling and daily allowances the expenditure per voter was reduced to 12 paise as against 13 paise in the Third General Elections.

The details of parliamentary constituency are as follows :-

Name of Consti-tuency	Extent of constituency		No of seats	No of electors	Total no of votes	Total No of votes polled	Per cent age
1	2	3		4	5	6	7
Ludhiana	Jagraon, Raikot, Qila Raipur, Dakha, Ludhiana North, Ludhiana south, Kum kalan and Payal	1		5,19,908	5,19,908	3,62,471	67.93

The Congress candidate was returned from Ludhiana constituency.

The number of votes polled by each of the contesting parties was as under :

Name of Party	No of valid votes	Percentage of total valid votes polled in the district
1	2	3
Akali Dal	1,19,586	33.0
Akali Dal (Master Tara Singh Group)	28,238	8.0
Congress	1,32,660	36.4
Independent	11,079	3.5
Jan Sangh	63,088	17.4
Republicans	7,820	2.1
Total	3,62,417	100

The details of assembly seats in the district are as under :

Name of Consti-tuency	Extent of constituency		No of seats	No of electors	Total no of votes	Total No of votes polled	Per cent age
1	2	3		4	5	6	7
Jagraon	Jagraon Municipality, Jagraon and Swaddi Khas K.Cs in Jagraon tahsil	1		66,109	66,109	44,124	70.35
Railkot	Manoki K.C.(excluding any part of Jagraon Municipality) and Raikot K.C.(excluding and part of Jagraon Municipalty and P.Cs.Bopa Rai Kalan, Hissowal, Raqba Mahi, Jangpur, Khandur, Sahauli, Abuwal and Tusa) in Jagraon Tahsil	1		66,772	66,772	47,173	69.97
Qila Raipur	Rripur and Pakhowal K.Cs. in Ludhiana Tahsil and P.Cs. Bopa Rai Kalan, Hissowal Raqba Mahi, Jangpur, Khandur Sahauli, Abuwal and Tusa in Raikot K.C. in Jagraon Tahsil	1		70,513	70,513	47,333	66.31
1	2	3		4	5	6	7
Dakha (S.C.)	Dakhr K.C. and Gill K.C. (excluding any area of ludhiana Municipality) and P.Cs. Jassian, aunet and Dughri in Ludhiana in K.C. in Ludhiana Tahsil	1		60,917	60,917	38,177	61.47
Ludhiana (North)	Wards 1 to 17, 19, 33, and 36 in Ludhiana Municipality	1		60,105	60,105	43,947	72.42
Ludhiana (south)	Wards 18, 20, 24, 26, and 32 in Ludhiana Municipality	1		54,494	54,494	37,858	68.6
Kum Kalan	Wards 21, 22, 23, 25, 37 and 38 in Ludhiana Municipality Ludhiana K.C. (excluding P.Cs. Jassian, Sunet and Dughri) Kum Kalan, K.C. and P.C.s. Rampur and Begowal in Payal K.C. in Ludhiana Tahsil	1		75,701	75,701	72,055	67.60
Payal	Payal K.C.(excluding P.Cs. Rampur and Begowal) and Malaudh and Jarg K.Cs. in Ludhiana Tahsil	1		65,297	65,297	47,325	71.61
Khanna (S.C.)	Khanna Kalan and Khamaon Kalan K.Cs. in Samrala Tahsil	1		60,605	60,605	40,673	65.50
Samrala	Samrala and Machiwara K.Cs. in Samrala Tahsil	1		69,408	69,408	53,026	75.77

For the vidhan Sabha constituencies 4 Congress, 3 Akali Dal (Sant Group), 2 jan Sangh and 1 republican candidates were returned.

The votes polled in the favour of each party contesting the election are given below :

Name of Party	No of valid votes	Percentage of total valid votes polled in the district
1	2	3
Akali Dal (Sant Group)	1,44,629	31.2
Akali Dal (Master Tara Singh Group)	30,367	7.1
Congress	1,73,801	38.4
Communist Party of India	3,413	1.0
Communist Party of India (Marxist)	3,037	1.0
Independent	36,361	8.1
Jan Sangh	40,822	8.0
Praja Socialist Party	2,235	0.4
Sumyukta Socialist Party	697	0.1
Swatantra	920	0.2
Total	4,54,491	100

(b) Political Parties and Organisations: There is no party of purely local standing in the district. The following all India Political Parties/ organisations, however ,exist in the district :-

1. The Shromani Akali Dal. – The Shromani Akali Dal was formed originally in the State for the proper control and management of the Gurudwaras, which had earlier been treated as the private property of Mahants and suffered from all sorts of abuses. In due course of time the religious body assumed a political role as a representative body of the Sikhs. The Dal had played an important part in the freedom struggle in collaboration with the Indian National Congress.

The Shromani Akali dal as a religio-political party enjoys considerable influence in the district especially among agriculturists and displaced Sikhs from West Pakistan. It is now a better organised party as compared to other political parties. It was formed in the district in 1921.

In the first General Elections (1952), the Dal captured both the Lok Sabha seats. Out of eight members of Vidhan Sabha, five Akali candidates were elected. The party did not separately contest the Second General Elections (1957) because the Dal had entered into a political alliance with the Congress. In the Third General Election held in 1962, the Dal captured the Lok Sabha seat. Out of eight Vidhan Sabha seats, it bagged four seats. In the Fourth General Elections held in 1967, the Dal (Sant Group) bagged three Vidhan Sabha seats.

The Akali Dal obtained 3,03,274 votes out of the total of 8,11,733 votes polled for the Lok Sabha and got 1,24,974 votes for Vidhan Sabha out of 3,66,804 in the first General Elections. In the third General Elections (1962) the Dal got 1,10,386 votes out of total of 3,18,711 votes polled for the Lok Sabha and 1,25,624 out of 3,60,948 polled for the Vidhan Sabha. In the fourth General elections (1967) the Dal contested election on two fronts, viz., Sant Group and A.D.M. (Akali Dal Master Group). The Dal (Sant Group) got 1,19,586 and A. D. M. got 28,238 against 3,62,471 votes polled for Lok Sabha. For Vidhan Sabha the Dal (Sant Group) got 1,44,629 and A. D. M. 30,367 against 4,54,691 votes polled.

2. The Communist Party of India. – The district unit of the all-India party was established in 1934. The Communist party was split up after the Chineses Aggression into two groups : the Communist party of India (Right Wing) and Communist Party of India (Left Wing). The former group condemned the Chinese aggression of 1962, whereas the latter did not recognize it as an aggression.

At the district level, there is single wing incharge of urban and rural areas. Endowed with seasoned leadership, the party enjoys influence among labourers and poorer sections of the Bet areas. Neither in the Lok Sabha nor in the Vidhan Sabha any seat was captured in the district by the party in the first, Second, Third and Fourth General Elections.

The Communist Party did not contest the Lok Sabha seat and got 15,767 votes against 3,66,804 total votes for the Vidhan Sabha seat in the first General, Election in 1952. in the Second General elections, the party obtained 2,74,650 votes in the contest for the Lok Sabha seat against the total of 9,33,918 and 60,284 for the Vidhan Sabha seat against 4,10, 934 total votes polled. Similarly in the Third General elections, the party got 60,318 votes for the Lok Sabha seat and 20,276 for the Vidhan Sabha seat out of the total number of votes polled in the district. The party did not contest the Lok Sabha seat in the Fourth General Elections. For the Vidhan Sabha the party (C. P. I.) got 3,413 and (C.P.I. (M)) 3,037 against 4,54,691 votes polled.

3. The Indian National congress. – This party has great influence among the Harijans, educated Hindus and Sikhs and is popular in both urban and rural areas. Being a National Party with national outlook, it has an appeal and tradition. Its economic policies of socialistic pattern of society, however, have a powerful appeal for labour classes as well.

In the First General elections (1952), the Congress lost both the Lok Sabha seats. In the Vidhan Sabha, out of eight seats the Congress captured only two. In the Second General Elections (1957), the Congress candidates were elected from both the Lok Sabha seats. In the Vidhan Sabha, out of eight seats, the Congress captured seven seats. In the Third General Election (1962) the Congress lost the only Lok Sabha seat. Out of the eigth Vidhan Sabha members, three congress candidates were elected. In the First General Elections the Congress got 2,84,870 votes out of the total of 8,11,733 votes polled for the Lok Sabha seats. For the Vidhan Sabha seats the Congress score was 81,295 against the total votes polled numbering 3,66,904. In the Second General Elections, the party got 4,81,918 votes against the total of 9,33,918 votes polled for the Lok Sabha and 2,08,845 against the total votes of 9,10,934 polled for the Vidhan Sabha. Similarly in the Third General elections (1962) the party got 1,08,516 votes against 3,18,711 votes polled for the Lok Sabha and 1,42,632 against 3,60,948 votes polled for the Vidhan Sabha. In the Fourth General Elections (1967) the party got 1,32,660 against 3,62,471 votes polled for Lok Sabha and 1,73,801 against 4,54,691 votes polled for the Vidhan Sabha.

4. The Jan Sangh. – The Jan Sangh was formed in the district in 1951. The party stands for maintenance of Indian tradition, culture and heritage and mainly derives inspiration from ancient Indian History. Presently, the party commands support among urban sections, especially in Ludhiana city. It has also some hold on Hindu population in other towns in the district. As yet, its influence is negligible in rural areas of the district.

Only one Jan Sangh candidate was elected in the Second General elections of 1957 for the Vidhan Sabha. No candidate was elected for the Lok Sabha or the Vidhan Sabha got 10,866 votes out of the total of 3,66,804 votes polled for the Vidhan Sabha in the first General Elections. In the Second General Elections, the party got 26.184 votes against 4,10,934 for the Vidhan Sabha. The party did not contest the Lok Sabha seat. In the Third General Elections, the party got 24,771 votes against 3,18,711 polled for the Lok Sabha and 26,066 out of the total of 3,60,948 votes polled for the Vidhan Sabha. In the fourth General elections (1967) the party got 63,088 votes against 3,62,471 votes polled and for Vidhan Sabha the party got 40,822 votes against 4,54,691 votes polled.

5. The Republican Party. – As a successor of the Scheduled Castes Federation of India, the party was formed in the district in 1956. The Republican Party carries some influence amongst Harijans. The distinguishing feature of the new party is that the membership of the parent organisation was open only to Harijans, whereas that of the Republic Party of India is open to all interested persons. The party contested only one Vidhan Sabha seat in the Third General Elections in 1962 for Samrala constituency and its candidate got only 4,320 votes. In the Fourth General Elections (1967) the party won a Vidhan Sabha seat. The party got 7,820 votes against 3,62,471 votes polled for Lok Sabha and 18,409 against 4,54,691 votes polled for Vidhan Sabha.

6. The Swatantra Party. – At all-India level the party was formally inaugurated at a preparatory convention in Bombay in 1959 and its first convention was held in March, 1960. The party could thus participate in the third General Elections. The party did not contest the Lok Sabha seat. It only contested one out of eight Vidhan Sabha seats, viz., Sidhwan Bet seat and its candidate lost and got only 481 votes. In the fourth General Elections (1967) the party got only 920 votes against 4,54,691 votes polled for Vidhan Sabha.

7. The Socialist/Praja Socialist Party. – Before 1947, the socialists formed a separated wing of Congress Party. It was essential for a member of Congress Socialist group to become a formal member of Congress. The socialist section separated from the main body of the Congress in 1948 and was organised in the district as a separated party in that very year. In 1954, the Socialist Party merged with Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party with the new nomenclature of Praja Socialist Party. It was split up into two groups-Paraja Socialist and Socialist. In 1955, both the wings merged under the new name of ‘Samukat Socialist Party’. Immediately, afterwards, it was again spilt up into Praja Socialist Party and Socialist Party.

It has no particular hold on any section of people. The party could not capture any seat in any General Elections so far. In the Second General elections (1957), the party contested Samrala constituency seat and its candidate got only 1`2,207 votes. The party did not contest the Third General Elections. In the Fourth General Elections Praja Socialist Party got 2,235 votes and Samukat Socialist Party 697 votes against 4,54,691 votes polled for Vidhan Sabha.

(c) Newspapers Papers published in the district and their importance. – The particulars in respect of Newspapers and periodicals published in the district as on 1^st April, 1966 are given in the following statement ¹.

1. The details of magazines/bulletins issued by school, colleges, professional institutes and Agricultural University, Ludhiana, have been excluded as these have a very limited circulation and also limited scope of study.

Statement showing the Newspaper and periodicals published/in existence in the Ludhiana District as on 31^st marches, 1966.

Serial No	Particulars/name of the newspapers	Name of the printer and address	Name of the Editoe	Policy	Language
1	2	3	4	5	6
1	Alochana	Prof. Parminder Singh, M.A. 168, Model Gram, Ludhiana	Shri Pritam singh	Literary	Punjabi
2	Aggarwal Patrika	Shri Mul Raj Jain, B VI-889, Gulchaman Gali, Ludhiana	Aggarwal Sabha	Sectarian	Hindi-Punjabi
3	Agitator	Shri iqbal Krishan Sharma B III257, Mihalla Vakilan, Lurana Bazar	Shri iqbal Krishan Sharma	News and current affairs	Urdu
4	Adrash Punjab	Shri Kali Charan Sharma Ghas Mandi, Ludhiana	Shri Kali Charan Sharma	Ditto	Urdu-Hindi
5	Bal Darbar	Shri Jiwan Singh, Chowk Ghanta Ghar, :Ludhiana	Shri Hazara Singh	Children’s Magazine	Punjabi
6	Bal Lila	Shri Jiwan Singh, M.A. College Road, Ludhiana	Shri Kanwal Nain	Ditto	Hindi
7	Bahar-e-Adab	Shri Trilok Singh Medhiratta, B-IV-70 Mena Bazar, Ludhiana	Shri Trilok Singh Medhiratta,	Literary	Urdu
8	Changi Kheti	Dr. G.S.Bedi, Agricultural University, Ludhiana	Dr. G.S.Bedi	Agriculture	Punjabi
9	Dastkar	Shri. J.B.Prashar, Ludhiana	Shri. J.B.Prashar	Industry	English
10	Evening News	Shri. R.Dhiman, Ludhiana	Shri. R.Dhiman	News and current affairs	Urdu
11	Excelsior News	Shri Tarsen Chand Goel, Gel Bhawan, Ludhiana	Shri Tarsen Chand Goel	Miscellaneous	English
12	Freedom Fighter	Shri Amar Chand Batta, Chaura Bazar, Ludhiana	Shri Amar Chand Batta	News and current affairs	Urdu
13	Gurmat Granthi Samachar	Shri Mehtab Singh, Ludhiana	Shri Mehtab Singh	Religious and philosophy	punjabi
14	Hoshiar	Shri Udey Chand Tishana, Purana Bazar, Ludhiana	Shri Udey Chand Tishana	News and current affairs	Urdu
15	Hakayat	Shri Gian Chand Gupta, B-VI-705, Moh. Rupa Mistri, Ludhiana	Shri Gian Chand Gupta	Ditto	Urdu
16	Harijan Sansar	53-Sahotra College, Shashi Mohalla, Ludhian	..	Social walfare	Urdu
17	Hosiery and Textile Journal	195-BXI, Kucha Mangat Rai, Ludhiana	..	Commerce and industry	English
18	Here-in-Ludhiana	Christain Medical College, Ludhiana	..	Medicine & health	English
19	Hindu Savdesh	Pt. Babu Ram Sharma, Miller Ganj, Ludhiana Gill Road	Pt. Babu Ram Sharma	News and current affairs	Urdu
20	Indian Times	Shri Bablir Singh Jaswal, Mohalla Madho Puri, Kucha 3, Ludhiana	Shri Tirath Singh	Ditto	Urdu
21	Insaf Ka Mukka	Shri Surinder Kumar Takhtar, B-III, 371, Mohalla Vakilan, Purana Bazar, Ludhiana	Shri Surinder Kumar	Ditto	Urdu
22	Indian Wool Market report	Mrs. Anupam, Civil Lines, lUdhiana, 699, Anupur	Shri D.S. Kumaria	Commerce and industry	Urdu
23	Indian was Index	Shri S.S.Lal, Punjab University Extension Library, Civil Lines, Ludhiana	Shri S.S.Lal	News and views
24	Kundan Joyti	Kundan Lal, Kundan Vidya Mandir, Ludhiana Civil Lines	Shri Kundan Lal	News and current	English and Hindi
25	Krishak Samaj	Shri Pritam Singh, Opposite Minerva Talikies, Ludhiana	Shri Pritam Singh	Agricultural	Punjabi
26	Majdoor Savdesh	Shri Vas Dev Duggal, BIV-525, Brahm Puri, Ludhiana	Shri Vas Dev	Labour	Urdu
27	National Front	Shri Mohan Lal Senji, Near Lakar Bazar, Ludhiana H. No. 7-133	Shri Mohan Lal Senji	News and current affairs	Urdu
28	Nazrana	Shri J.S.Sharma, 54, Ashok Nagar, Ludhiana	Shri J.S.Sharma	Ditto	Urdu
29	Nirbhai Yodha	Shri. Balwant Singh Tej, 271-L, Model Town, Ludhiana	Shri. Balwant Singh	Ditto	Punjabi
30	Nia Sama	Ram Singh, Bhadaur House, Ludhiana	Ram Singh	Ditto	Urdu
31	Paigam-e-Ayurved	Saine Pali Sharma, Laj Pat Road, Jagraon Mandi	Shri Saine Pali Sharma	Medical and Health	Punjabi
32	Panjabi Rattan	Mohinder Singh Klzara, Bahdaur house, Ludhiana	Shre Mohinder Singh Klzara	News and current	English
33	Pun News	Dr. G.S.Bedi, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana	Dr. G.S.Bedi	Agriculture	English
34	Paewaz	Shri Ram Sarup, New Book Shop, No 2 Ludhiana	Shri Ram Sharma	Literary and cultural	Urdu
35	People,s Voice	Shri Madan Lala Prashar, Sleem Tabri, Ludhiana H.No 310	Shri Madan Lala Prashar	News and current affair	Urdu
36	Pharmacy News	Shri Amar Das Bhatia, Pindi Street, Ludhiana	Shri Amar Das Bhatia	Medicine and Health	English
37	Pharmacy News (Hindi)	Ditto	Ditto	Ditto	Hindi
38	Pharmacy News (Punjabi)	Ditto	Ditto	Ditto	Punjabi
39	Pharmacy News (Urdu)	Ditto	Ditto	Ditto	Urdu
40	Progressive Farming	Dr. G.S. Bedi, Punjab Agricultural university, Ludhiana	Dr. G.S. Bedi	Agricultural	English
41	Prit Reet	S. Sajja Singh, 24 Tagore Colony, Ludhiana	Shri Kanwal singh Kalsi	News and current affairs	Punjabi
42	Punjab Times	Shri Om Parkash Sood, 5 Kucha Field Ganj, Ludhiana	Shri Om Parkash Sood	Ditto	English/Urdu
43	Punjab Trade and Industry	Shri. G.S.Balhaya. 1221 Civil Lines, Ludhiana	Shri. G.S.Balhaya	Commerce and industry	English
44	Ram Ram	Shri Prem Chand Phakhar, B-V-2040 Samrala Road, Ludhiana	Shri Prem Chand Phakhar	News and current affairs	Urdu
45	Ractor Pharmacy Bulletin	Dr. Garbachan Singh, Gill Road, Ludhiana B-12/1810/14	Dr. Garbachan Singh	Medicine and health	English/Punjabi
46	Sada-e-Waqt	Murari Lal nirmal, Pansari Bazar, Ludhiana	Shri Murari Lal	News & current affairs	Urdu
47	Sadaquat	Shri Nand Singh Jandoo, Chaura Bazar, Ludhiana	Shri Babu Ram Sharma	Ditto	Urdu
48	Samaj	Shri. T.R. Mohindra, Chowk Girja Ghar, Ludhiana	Shri. T.R. Mohindra	Ditto	Urdu
49	Saditya amachar	Shri Jeewan Singh College Road, Civil Line Ludhiana	Shri Jeewan Singh	Literary and Cultural	Punjabi
50	Samrat joyti	Shri Kuldip Raj Toofan, Gill Road, 41 Beri Market Ludhiana	Shri Kuldip Raj Toofan	News and current affairs	Hindi
51	Sanati Mazdoor	Shri Sita Ram, B-1-1047 Mohalla Chakaursi Ludhiana,	Shri Sita Ram	Labour	Urdu
52	Sanman	Shri Kirpal Singh, B-XIII, 594 Karimpura, Ludhiana	Shri Kirpal Singh	Religion and Philosophy	Urdu
53	Sarvdeshak Mazdoor	Shri Sohan Lal, Ashoka Calico Printing Works, Ludhiana	Shri Sohan Lal	Labour	Urdu
54	Sarvdya Sansar	Shri Ujjagar Singh Bilga, Gandhi Khadi Bhandar, Ludhiana	Shri Ujjagar Singh	Bhoodan movement	Punjabi
55	Shikwa	Shri Mehr Chand, 921, Basti Engine, Ludhiana	Shri Jaspal Singh	News and current affairs	Urdu
56	Shakti Punj	Shri Raj Kalia, 27 Ashok Nagar, Ludhiana	Shri Raj Kalia	Ditto	Hindi/Punjabi
57	Socialist Bharat	Shri Surinder Mohan Sudama, B-IV-710-Wait Ganj, Ludhiana	Shri Madan Lal Prashar	Ditto	Urdu
58	Tarjman	Shri Amar Das Bhatia, Pindi Gate, Ludhiana	Shri Amar Das Bhatia	Ditto	Urdu
59	Talash-e-Haq	Shri Salmat Rai Sood, B-XIV Mohalla Ajit Nagar, Ludhiana	Shri Salmat Rai Sood	Ditto	Urdu
60	Temperant MAgazine	Shri Gurdit Singh Sabha, B-XIII-527, Naya Moh. Ludhiana	Shri Gurdit Singh Sabha	Social welfare newsand current affairs	Hindi/Punjabi/Urdu
61	Tiger	Shri Ajaib Singh Tung, Lajpat Rai Market, Ludhiana	Shri Ajaib Singh Tung	Literary and cultural	Urdu
62	Tiranjan	Shri Niranjan Avtar, B-IX/729, Ludhiana	Shri Niranjan Avtar	Agricultural	Punjabi
63	Unat Kheti	Shri G.S.Bedi, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana	Shri G.S.Bedi	News and current affairs	Hindi
64	Voice of Contractor	Shri Joginder Singh Pradhar, 36, Model Town, Ludhiana	Shri Joginder Singh Pradhar	Ditto	English/Urdu
65	Wattan Dost	Shri Jogindar Singh Datt. H.No. BIX, 180, Gulchaman Gail Ludhiana	Shri R.K.Jain	Literary and current affairs	Urdu
66	Zeenat	Bawa Shayam Dass, H.No 41 New Model Town, Ludhiana	Bawa Shayam Dass	Ditto	English/Hindi/ Urdu/Punjabi
67	Rohjan	Shri Krishan Kant, Opposite Minerva Talikies, G.T. Road, Ludhiana	Shri Priya Sharan	Ditto	Urdu
68	Rehnumai-pan-faroshan	Shri Devi Chand Sharma, Ludhiana	Shri Devi Chand Sharma	Ditto	English/Punjabi
69	Industry age Digest	Shri Pritam Singh, G.T.Road, Ludhiana	Shri Pritam Singh	Ditto	English
70	Indian Geriatries	Not Given (Ludhiana)	Not Given	Ditto	English

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