Table of contents

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter

 

 

 

Pages

CHAPTER I

 

GENERAL

 

1

CHAPTER II

 

HISTORY

 

7

CHAPTER III

 

PEOPLE

 

15

CHAPTER IV

 

AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION

 

19

CHAPTER V

 

INDUSTRIES

 

30

CHAPTER VI

 

BANKING TRADE AND COMMERCE

 

40

CHAPTER VII

 

COMMUNICATION

 

52

CHAPTER IX

 

ECONOMIC TRADE

 

76

CHAPTER XI

 

REVENUE ADMINISTRATION

 

89

CHAPTER XII

 

LAW AND ORDER AND JUSTICE

 

103

CHAPTER XIV

 

Local Self- Government

 

116

CHAPTER XV

 

Education and culture

 

125

CHAPTER XVI

 

Medical and public health services

 

134

CHAPTER XVII

 

Other social Services

 

150

CHAPTER XVIII

 

 

Public Life and voluntary social service organizations

 

169

 

FOREWORD

 

 

            The revised edition of the Kapurthala district Gazetteer was published in 1984 by the Revenue Department. A Supplement to a District Gazetteer is prepared after 10 years of the publication of the main volume. Thus, this supplement had become due. It is the seventh supplement to be published in the series of Supplements to the District Gazetteers of Punjab. An attempt has been made in the present statistical data as far as possible, besides making additions, wherever necessary.

 

            I hope the present volume would be found useful by the research scholars and the general readers.

 

CHANDIGARH                                                                      MRS SHYAMA MANN

8 September, 2000                                                       Financial Commissioner, Revenue,

                                                                                                            Punjab.

PREFACE

 

A Supplement to a District Gazetteers is an adjunct or continuation of the parent volume. It is published as per the decision of the Government of India taken in 1976 that all ten years old volumes of District Gazetteers must have their supplements giving up-to-date statistical data. In pursuance thereof, the Gazetteers Organisation has so far published six supplements. The Supplement to Kapurthala District Gazetteers is seventh in the series.

 

            The present volume supplements the information contained in the revised edition of Kapurthala District Gazetteers published in 1984. An attempt has been made to bring the information/data up-to-date.

 

            In the preparation of this volume the Gazetteers Organisation has been benefited by the able guidance and encouragement given by the Financial Commissioners, Revenue and other officers of the Department from time to time.

 

            I am grateful to Deputy Commissioner, Kapurthala and other officers of the District Administration for extending whole-hearted co-operation for making available the latest information/data for compilation of this volume.

 

            I am thankful to this staff of Gazetteers Organisation especially Sarvshri Rajinder Kumar Gupta, Editior, Shaminder Singh Bains and Neeraj Kumar Singla, Compilers, Dinesh Bedi, Draftman-cum-Artist for their commendable contribution for the prepration of this volume. I am also thankful to Shri Gurinder Singh, Senior Scale Stenographer for his contribution in giving shape to the contents of this volumeand getting it ready for press. My thanks are due to Sharvshri Rajinder Singh Gandhi, Senior Editior (Retd.) and Harinder Pal  Singh, Compiler and all other members of the Gazetteers Organisations for assisting me in the finalization and printing of this supplement.

 

            I am also thankful to the controller, Printing and Stationery, U.T., Chandigarh and his staff for competing the printing work of this volume in time.

 

 

Chandigarh                                                                                  Jagmohan Singh Hans

4 October, 2000                                                                      State Editior, Gazetteers,

                                                                                                             Punjab.

List of the Illustration

 

 

Serial No.

Particulars

1.

Chart showing growth of population in the Kapurthala District 1971 to 1991.

2.

Chart showing Land Utilization in the Kapurthala District 1996-97.

3.

Chart showing number of Education Institutions in the Kapurthala District as on 30 September, 1996.

 

4.

Chart showing Birth rate, Death Rate and Infantile Mortality Rate in the Kapurthala District from 1983-97.

 

5.

Gurudwara Ber Sahib, Sultanpur Lodhi.

6.

Gurudwara Antar Yamta, Sultanpur Lodhi.

7.

Gurudwara Ber Sahib, Village Kasarpur.

8.

Entrance Gate of Shalimar Garden, Kapurthala.

9.

District Courts, Kapurthala.

10.

Jagatjit Club, Kapurthala.

11.

Clock Tower, Kapurthala.

12.

Cannon associated with Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Erstwhile Kapurthala State.

13.

Jubilee Hall (Now Nawab Jassa Singh Ahluwalia Government College), Kapurthala.

 

14.

Old Water Tank, Kapurthala.

15.

New Designed Coach, Manufactured at Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala.

16.

Interior view of J.C.T. Mills, Phagwara

 

 

 

CHAPTER    I

 

GENERAL

 

            Total Area and Population of the District. - According to the Director of Land Records, Punjab and total area of the Kapurthala District during 1996-97 was 1,678.77 Sq. K.M. According to the 1991 Census, the area of district was 1,633 sq. k.m. The Tehsil-wise area of the District is given below: -

 

Tehsil

Area

(Sq. K.m.)

Kapurthala

675.51

Sultanpur Lodhi

451.02

Phagwara

304.46

Bholath

247.78

                        (Source: - Director of Land Record, Punjab)

 

            According to the 1991 Census, the total population of the district was 6,46,647 persons (3,41,030 males and 3,05,617 females) which was lowest amongst all the district of the State.

 

            Administrative Divisions of the District.- The Kapurthala district consists of 4 tehsils/subdivisions viz. Kapurthala, Sultanpur Lodhi, Phagwara and Bholath(Upgraded as Tehsil/Sub-Division, vide Punjab Government Notification NO. 2/44/94-RE-II(I)/6745, dated 20 July 1995) and one sub-tehsil viz. Dhilwan. The district is divided into five development block i.e. Kapurthala, Nadala, Dhilwan, Sultanpur lodhi and Phagwara. According to the 1991 Census, the district had 699 villages (633 inhabited and 66 inhabited) and 3 towns.

           

            Boundary Changes- No change in the boundaries has taken place in the district since the publication of the main volume of Kapurthala District gazetteer in 1984.

 

Climate

 

(Climate of Punjab - India Meteorological Department, Government of India-1996 pp. 60-63) The climate of this district is characterised be dryness except in the brief monsoon season, a very hot summer and a bracing winter. The year may be divided into four seasons. The cold season for about the middle of November to the early part of March

 

1.                    Upgraded as Tehsil/subdivision, vide Punjab Government Notification No. 2/44/94-RE-II (I)/6745, dated 20 July 1995.

2.                    Climate of Punjab- India Meteorlogical Department, Government of India-1996 pp. 60-63

 

 

 

 

is followed by the hot season which lasts till about the end of June, July, August and the first half of the September constitute the southwest monsoon season. The period from mid-September to about the middle of November may be termed is post monsoon or transition period. Although the tehsils Phagwara is in the Kapurthala District, for the description of the climate, the same has been included in Jalandhar District.

 

            Average Rainfall in the District.-- The monthly average rainfall in the Kapurthala District during1983, 1987 and 1992 to 1996 is given in table 1. Records of rainfall in the district are available for one station for sufficiently long period. The detail of the rainfall at this station is given in table 2 and 3. The average annual rainfall is 778.9 mm. About 71 percent of the annual rainfall in the district is received during the monsoon months July to September. July being the rainiest month. There is also some rainfall during the period December to March is association with passing western disturbances and this amounts to about 12 percent of the annual rainfall. The variation in the rainfall from year to year is large. In 80 year period, the highest annual rainfall which was in 1955, amounted to 163 percent of the average, the lowest annual rainfall was 57 percent of the normal in 1963. In this period annual rainfall was less than 80 percent of the normal occurred in three years only.

 

            There are on the average about 33 rainy days (i.e. days with rainfall of 2.5 mm or more) in a year.

 

            The heaviest rainfall in 24 hours recorded was 339.1 mm on October 1955.

 

Temperature - The meteorological observatory at Kapurthala started functioning recently. Hence the description which follows is based on the records of the observatories in the neighboring districts where similar climatic conditions prevail. After February there is a steady increase in temperatures. June is generally the hottest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at about 41C and the mean daily minimum at about 27C. The hot scorching dust-laden/westerly winds blow during the summer season and on individual days the day temperature may exceed above 45C. With the onset of the southwest monsoon in the district by about the beginning of July there is appreciable drop in the day temperature. The nights, however, are as warm as night in the summer season. On account of the increased moisture in the monsoon air the weather is often sultry and uncomfortable even in the monsoon season in between the rains. With the withdrawal of the monsoon by about in the middle of September there is a rapid drop in the temperature specially night temperatures. January is usually the coldest month with the mean daily maximum temperature about 19C and the mean daily minimum at 6C. During the winter season, cold waves affect the district in the rear of passing western disturbances and the minimum temperature drop down to about a degree or so below the freezing point.

 

            Humidity- Relative humidity is generally high in the southwest monsoon season. During the rest of the year the air is dry, the driest part of the year being the summer season.

 

            Cloudiness- The skies are generally moderately to heavily clouded during the monsoon season and for in association with passing western disturbances. During the rest of the year the skies are mostly clear of lightly clouded.

 

            Winds- Winds are generally light, during the southwest monsoon season, winds blow generally from directions between southwest to northwest, but on many days in the afternoons, westerly to northwesterly winds also blow. In the rest of the year westerly to northwesterly winds predominate except in the later half of the summer season when easterlies and south easterlies blow on some days.

 

            Special Weather Phenomena- Western disturbances affect the weather over the district during the cold season. Thunderstorms occur in association with these. Thunderstorms are duststroms occur occasionally during the hot season. Rain during the monsoon season is often associated with thunder.

 

 

Table 1

 

Monthly Average Rainfall in the Kapurthala District during 1983, 1987 and 1992 to 1996

 

Year

Jan.

Feb.

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Total

1983

60.0

32.0

23.0

92.0

20.4

7.0

36.6

210.0

119.0

2.0

-

1.0

603.0

1987

40.0

16.0

9.5

5.0

162.0

6.0

46.0

127.0

-

36.0

-

-

447.5

1992

80.0

43.0

30.0

9.0

7.5

13.5

203.0

118.5

52.5

-

18.8

-

575.8

1993

5.2

4.0

10.2

12.5

7.0

57.5

428.5

18.0

134.0

-

-

-

676.5

1994

53.0

-

16.5

28.5

-

12.0

242.0

129.0

100.5

-

-

14.0

595.5

1995

23.1

94.4

19.0

9.0

6.0

2.4

214.0

18.0

103.0

-

6.0

-

494.9

1996

18.5

79.0

44.0

-

-

149.0

89.0

258.0

89.0

-

0.3

-

726.8

(Statistical Abstract of Punjab, 1984, 1988 and 1993 to 1997 )

 

Table 2

Normal and Extremes of Rainfall in Kapurthala District

 

Station

No of years of Data

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May.

June

Jul.

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Annual

Highest annual rainfall as per cent of normal and years **

Lowest annual rainfall as percent of normal and years **

Heaviest Rainfall in 24 Hours *

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Amount (mm)

Date

KPT

13

a 37.8

23.9

24.5

6.3

8.9

23.6

255.9

174.2

122.1

88.3

3.4

10.0

778.9

163

57

339.1

1955 Oct 5

 

 

b 3.1

1.2

2.3

0.5

0.9

2.1

8.1

7.4

4.3

1.4

0.3

0.9

32.5

(1955)

(1963)

 

 

 

a              Normal rainfall in mm

b              Average number of rainy days (i.e. days with rainfall of 2.5 mm or more)

*              Based on all available data up to 1980

**            Years of occurrence given in brackets

 

 

Table 2

 

Normal and Extremes of Rainfall in Kapurthala District

(Data 1901-1980)

KAPURTHALA

Range (in mm)

No. of the Years

Range (in mm)

No. of Years

401-500

1

901-1000

1

501-600

1

1001-1100

-

601-700

3

1101-1200

-

701-800

-

1201-1300

1

801-900

2

 

 

(Data available for 9 years only)

Chapter II

History

(a) Ancient Period

            It has been established now that the whole of the Kapurthala District was a part of the vast area covered under Indus Valley Civilization developed prior to the Aryan Civilization in this region. The evidence for the prevalence of this ancient civilization in this reign. The evidence fort he prevalence of this ancient civilization in this district of Punjab has been furnished by the discovery of certain sites by the Archaeologists. The important sites pertaining to Indus Valley Civilization in Kapurthala District are as under:

1.      Domeli

2.      Karalan

3.      Bhatnura Kalan

 

6th  Century B C upto A D 1150

From the middle of the 6th Century B C upto AD 1150, the Bist Doab, Jalandhar which included the territories of the present districts of Jalandhar, Kapurthala and Hoshiarpur, was dominated by three tribes' viz. Tilakhalas, Trigarthas and Yaudheyas.

 

 

       (b)   Medieval Period

A D 1186 - 1290

During this period, right from the advent of Ghorides upto the death of the last Sultan Ghiyas-ud-Din Balban, the history of the Punjab was all chaos, Lahore alone made the area of strifes and rest of the places were very little target of attacks. Kapurthala town did not figure till the rise of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia Misl in the mideighteenth century. However, Sultanpur which was then a district, assumed importance from the military and stratgic view point and that too in AD 1266 when Sultan Ghiyas-ud-Din Balban ascended to power. Balban died in 1286.

 

A D 1524

To take full advantage of the disputes between the nobles of Lahore such as Ibrahim Lodhi, Daulat khan Lodi and Alam khan Lodi, Badur captured Dialpur.

 

1525

Death of Daulat Khan Lodi at Sultanpur.

 

1540

Sher Shah Suri had advanced with his forces to the banks of the Beas near Sultanpur with a view of realize that the Mughal Emperor Humayun and his associates were in no position to fight.

        

           Hunayun and his brother instantly abandoned Lahore in October 1540, crossed Ravi and hastened towards Chenab on hearing the news of Sher Shah Suri's advance given by Muzaffar Beg, one of aGeneral of Humayun.

 

1556

Under the administration of the Mughal Emperor Akbar Sultanpur was inhabited by Muslim tribes such as Khaka, Bambas, Afghans and Ghakhars, under the hegemony of the Kashmir ruler ghazi Jhan. In this year Akbar got full control over the territory of the Punjab Province including that of Laying between the Ravi and the Satluj. Akbar made Lahore the capital of India.

 

1598

Khwaja Shamas-ud-Din Khawafi was appointed the Governor of Punjab by Akbar.

 

1600

Death of Khwaja Shamas-ud-Din Khawafi, Zain Khan koka was appointed the Governor of punjab but was soon recalled on account of his being bad character.

 

1601

Mirza Gulij Khan was appointed the Governor of Punjab by Akbar.

 

1605

Death of Akbar.

 

1634

After killing Painda Khan at Kartarpur in a battle with Mughals, the Guru Hargobind reached village Palahi near Phagwara in the Kapurthala District. At Palahi, attack on the Sikhs was sudden. The Guru and the Sikhs fought valienty. Ahmed Khan and Fateh Khan were killed with the result that Mughal force fled away.

        It may be added here that the Guru Hargobind also visited Dumeli, Kala Sangha (Kala Sasnghian), Nadala and Safiabad in the district of Kapurthala. Guru Arjan dev while accompanying the marriage party of his son Hargobind stayed for a might at Sultanpur Lodhi.

 

1658-1707

Aurangzeb started towards Punjab in pursuit of his elder borther Dara Shikoh who had revolted against him, after his coronation ceremony in Delhi.

 

At the death of  Aurangzeb in 1707, the Punjab was divided into six Doabs of which jalandhar Doab was the most significant from the military administration point of view. The Doab consist of many important towns such as Jalandhar, Sultanpur, Kapurthala, Kartarpur, Alwalpur, Sham Chaurasi, Tanda, Phagwara, Mukerian, Rahon, Hishiarpur and Nurmahal.

 

 

Rise of the Sikhs

 

 

     The district of Kapurthala formerly a princely State closely associated with the first and sixth Guru Nanak Dev and Guru Hargobind. Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1539), the founder of sikhism entirely transformed the social life of the people inhabiting the district. Guru Nanak Dev spent 14 years of his life a Sultanpur. During this period there was no conflict between the Sikhs and the Mughals. Guru Nanak Dev worked as a storekeeper in the Modikhana for a number of years. The institution of langer (community kitchen) was primarily started by Guru Nanak Dev at Sultanpur Lodhi.

 

1710

After his victories expeedition of Sirhind, Banda asend one party of the Sikhs across the Satluj to take Sultanpur Lodhi and other places in the Doabs of Jalandhar.

 

1745-1746

Yahiya Khan was appointed Deputy Viceroy of the Punjab on 3 June 1746 be Emperor Muhammad Shah and Jalandhar Doab was uner the Adina Beg Khan-a great politician and statesman of the time.

 

1748

Sardar Jassa Singh (founder of the Kapurthala State) attacked and killed Salabat Khan, the governor of Amritsar, seizing a large portion of the district. He extended his conquest to the edge of the river Beas, defeating Adina Beg the Governor of Jalandhar Doab.

 

1758

Death of Adina Beg Khan.

 

 

(c) Modern Period

 

1763

Jassa Singh proceeded once again to the old battle ground of Sirhind. In this battle Jassa Singh was victorious. Zain Khan the Governor of Sirhind was alain. Jassa Singh made Kapurthala his capital.

 

1783

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia died in 1783. He was succeeded by his second cousin Bhag Singh.

 

1801

Death of Bhag Singh at Kapurthala.

 

1805

Fateh Singh was at Amritsar with Ranjit Singh when in 1805, the Maratha Cheif Jaswant rao Holkar was driven north of the Satluj by Lord Lake's pursuing army, amd it was on his advice that the Maharaja was dissuaded from giving offence to the British by lending countenance to the fugitive prince.

 

1806

On 1 January, 1806 Fateh Singh and Maharaja Ranjit Singh both signed a treaty (called the treaty of Lahore) with the British representative whereby the British undertook not to enter the territories of these trans-Satluj chiefs.

 

 

 

1825

Fateh Singh fled across the Satluj and took refuge at Jagroan then under British protection abandoning his estates in both the Doabs to the Maharaja.

 

1827

The British brought about conciliation between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and latter got back his territories. Fateh Singh was responsible for including the ilagas of Phagwara and Bhunga within his territory.

 

1837

Death of Fateh Singh, He was succeeded by his son Nihal Singh.

 

1841

Death of Amar Singh (Brother of Nihal Singh) by drowning in the Ravi.

 

1845-1846

Out break of the first Anglo-Sikh war on the Satluj.

 

1848-1849

In the second Anglo-Sikh war, Nihal Singh helped the British at the close of the war, he was honoured woth a visit from government general, Lord Dalhousie, who created him am Raja in acknowledgement of his service.

 

1852

Death of Raja Nihal Singh.

 

1853

Randhir Singh succeeded his father.

 

1857

During the Great Rebellion of 1857, Raja Randhir Singh aided the British on the first news of the out break of the revolt. Raja Randhir Singh and his younger brother Kanwar Bikram Singh, marched to Jalandhar at the head of his men and helped the British to hold the Doab, almost denuded of troops, untill the fall of Delhi. In recognition of his services to the British the title "Raja-i-Rajan" bestowed upon him and remission of the year's tribute and permanent reduction in the amount of his tribute payment by Rs. 25,000.

 

1858

Raja Randhir Singh was permitted by Britishers to lead a contingent of his soldiers to Oudh and take part in the subjugation of revolt districts by the British. He with his brother remained in the field for ten month. For all these services to the British, He was rewarded with a grant of istamrai tenure of the two confiscated estates of Baundi and Bithauli (now in Uttar Pradesh). The brother of the Raja Kanwar Bikram Singh, who had accompained the Raja to Oudh, was given a portion of Akauna estate (now in the Uttar Pradesh)

 

1860

The hereditary Jagir Bari Doab which had resumed on the death of Raja Nihal Singh in 1852 restored to the Raja Randhir Singh in lieu of the remission of tribute, in perpetuity. However, civil and police Jurisdiction remained with the British Authority.

1862

The highly praised privilege conferred upon Raja Randhir Singh for his services to the British During the great rebellion of 1857 was that of adoption dated, granted under a sanad of Lord Canning dated 31 March 1862.

 

1864

Raja Randhir Singh received a Insignia of the Grand Commandership in the order of the Star of India (G.C.S. I.) in the public Darbar, at the hands of Lord Lawrence.

 

1869

Raja Randhir Singh took over the property granted by the Britishers in 1858 to Kanwar Bikram Singh under an arbitration order of Sir Henry Davis. Then Chief Commissioner in Oudh. Kanwar Bikram Singh (on receiving instead land in Bariely and Lakhimpur) (now in Uttar Pradesh). Dispute as to the interpretation of will made by Raja Nihal Singh in favour of his sons was settled by Secretary of State for India 1869.

 

1870

Raja Kharak Singh succeeded his father Randhir Singh.

 

1872

Raja Kharak Singh blessed with a son who was named Jagatjit Singh.

 

1875

Due to mental weakness of the Raja Kharak Singh Mr (afterwards Sir) Lepal Griffin appointed Superintendent of the State to manage the affairs.

 

1876

Sir Lepal Griffin was succeeded by Mr (afterwards Sir) Charles.

 

1877

Death of Raja Kharak Singh and he was succeeded by his son Jagatjit Singh.

 

1890

Raja Jagatjit Singh acquired full power of administration in November, 1890.

 

1897

Raja Jagatjit Singh was made Knight Commander of the star of India on the occasion of the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria.

 

1902

Raja invested with power of life and death over his subjects.

 

1911

Raja Jagatjit Singh was created a G.C.S.I. and granted the title of Maharaja during the coronation Darbar held in Delhi.

 

1924

Annual Nazrana of Rs. 1,31,000 was remitted by the British Government in lieu of the services rendered by the State during World War-I.

 

 

1930-31

A unit of the Praja Mandal was established in the Kaputhala State. The villages in the Bunga pocket of the State surrounded on all sided by the Hoshiarpur District become a centre of Praja Mandal activities. The "Dhut Group" of political workers, as it was called by the Kapurthala administration after the name of their village, was actively associated with the Punjab Ryasti Praja Mandal since 1928. Baba Karam Singh who belonged to village Dhut in the Kapurthala State returned to India in 1930 via Moscow and arrested.

 

1935

Zamindara agitation was started in the Kaputhala State. A conference of the Kapurthala State zamindara was convened at village khaira on 2 Feburary 1935. Another conference of zamindars of Phagwara Ilaga was held at village Musapur near Domeli in 25 February, 1935.

 

1938

Baba Karam Singh was released from the Jail.

 

1939

Baba Karam Singh was again arrested. Baba Karam Singh of Dhut Group was Chairman of the reception committee of the Ludhiana Session of the All India State People's Conference held in 1939 under the Presidentship of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

 

1944

Death of Baba Karam Singh

 

1947

The Kapurthala State opted to remain part of India on the achievement of Independence.

 

1948

On the formation of Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) on 20, August 1948, Kapurthala State becomes one of its constituent. Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala was appointed Up-Rajpramukh of PEPSU.

 

1949

Death of Maharaja Jagatjit Singh and his son Paramjit Singh succeeded him

 

1955

Death of Paramjit Singh in 1955 and was succeeded by his son Sukhjit Singh.

 

1956

On the merge of Punjab and PEPSU on 1 November 1956, Kapurthala become one of districts of the Punjab and transferred to the Jalandhar Division.

 


CHAPTER III

 

PEOPLE

 

Total Population

            According to the 1991 Census, the population of the Kapurthala District was 6,46,647 (comprising 3,41,030,males and 3,05,617 females) as compared to 5,45,249           ( 2,87,286 males and 2,57,963 females) as per the 1981 Census.

 

Growth of Population

            The population of the Kapurthala District according to the Census was 6,46,647 as against 5,45,249 in 1981 indicating an increase of 1,01,398 persons. The decennial growth rate of population comes to 18.60 per cent (which was 26.95 percent in 1981) as against the State growth rate of 20.81 per cent as per the 1991 Census. The decennial growth rate of the population of the district from 1971 onwards is given below:

 

Year

Persons

Decennial Variation

Percentage Decennial Variation of Population

Males

Females

1971

4,29,514

-

-

2,27,331

2,02,183

1981

5,45,249

1,15,735

(+) 26.96

2,87,286

2,57,963

1991

6,46,647

1,01,398

(+) 18.60

3,41,030

3,05,617

(Census of India, 1991, Series-20, Punjab, Part II-A and II-B, General Population Tables and primary Census Abstract)

 

Distribution of Population between Rural and Urban Areas

 

            As per the 1991 Census, there were 3 towns in the district, viz. Kapurthala, Sultanpur Lodhi and Phagwara*. (Dhilwan, Begowal and Bholath have also been declerad towns thereafter) These entire towns accommodated 25.76 percent of the total population of the district. The Kapurthala District was 29.45 as against the State percent of 28.31. The

 

 

 

*Dhilwan, Begowal and Bholath have also been decided towns thereafter

tehsil-wise distribution Scheduled Castes population in the District according to the 1991 Census is given below:

 

District/ Tehsil

1981

1991

Total

Males

Females

Total

Males

Females

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Kapurthala

68,711

36,154

32,557

89,559

47,266

42,293

Sultanpur Lodhi

21,728

11,519

10,209

27,054

14,340

12,714

Phagwara

56,712

30,225

26,487

73,871

39,325

34,546

Total District

1,47,151

77,898

69,253

1,90,484

1,00,931

89,553

(Census of India, 1981, Series-17, Punjab, Parts XIII-A and B, General Population Tables and Primary Census Abstract and Census of India, 1991 Series-20, Punjab part II-A and II-B, General Population Tables)

 

Distribution of Population by Religion

            The distribution of population by religious in the Kapurthala District as per 1981 and 1991Census is given below: -

 

 

1981

1991

 

Total

Males

Females

Total

Males

Females

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Hindus

2,11,601

1,13,661

97,940

2,28,212

1,23,624

1,04,588

Sikhs

3,28,145

1,70,621

1,57,524

4,11,014

2,13,227

1,97,787

Muslims

2,729

1,508

1,221

3,988

2,299

1,689

Christians

1,868

1,006

862

1,794

976

818

Buddhists

45

24

21

1,215

657

558

Jains

543

287

256

329

166

163

Other Religions

313

176

137

57

43

14

Religion not Stated

5

3

2

38

38

--

Total

5,45,249

2,87,286

2,57,963

6,46,647

3,41,030

3,05,617

(Statistical Abstract of Punjab, 1985 and Census of India 1991, Series-20 Punjab, Part IV-B(ii), Religion Table C-9)

 

Population of Towns

            As per the 1991 Census, only 25.76 percent of the population lived in towns of the Kapurthala District against 25.38 percent according to 1981 Census. This indicates a negligible change in the rural-urban population ratio. The town-wise population in the District as per 1981 and 1991 Census is given below: -

 

Towns

1981

1991

Kapurthala

50,300

64,567

Phagwara

75,961

88,316

Sultanpur Lodhi

12,143

13,722

(Statistical Abstract of Punjab, 1996)

 

Village Classified by Population

            The total number of inhabited villages in the Kapurthala District was 633 (including 66 uninhabited villages) as per the 1991 Census. Their number was 602 as per the 1981 Census. The table given below shows the number of villages classified by various range of population in Kapurthala District according to the 1981 and 1991 Census: -

 

Year

Total number of villages

 

Less than 200

200-499

500-999

1000-1999

2000-1999

5000-9999

10,000 and above

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

      9

1981

602

169

166

143

96

28

--

--

1991

633

158

169

163

93

44

6

--

(Census of India 1981, Series-17, Punjab, part II-A and part II-B General Population Tables and Primary Census Abstract and Census of India 1991, Series-20, Punjab, Part II-A and Part II-B General Population Tables and Primary Census Abstract)


CHAPTER IV

 

AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION

 

The economy of the district continues to be agro-based. According to the 1991 Census 52.85 percent of the total main workers constituted cultivators, agricultural labourers and other allied agricultural workers.

 

Land Utilization

          The total area of the District according to village papers during 1996-97 was 168 thousand hectares; out of which 147 thousand hectares was net area sown. The area under forests was only 2 thousand hectares and the land put to non-agricultural uses was 15 thousand hectares. The area sown more than 140 thousand hectares. The cropping intensity during 1996-97 was 195.24 percent.

           

            The classification of area by land use in the Kapurthala District, during the years 1982-83, 1987-88 and 1992-93 and 1996-97 is given below: -

 

Particulars

1982-83

1987-88

1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

1995-96

1996-97

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Total area according to village papers

167

167

167

167

167

168

168

Forest

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

 Barren and unculturable land

--

2

3

2

1

1

1

Land put to non-agriculture uses

16

3

17

17

23

16

16

Culturable waste

--

9

3

3

--

--

--

Permanent pastures and other garzing Land

--

--

1

1

(a)

(a)

(a)

Land under misc. tree crops and groves not included in the net area sown

--

--

2

(a)

(a)

--

--

Current fallow

1

16

7

8

7

3

2

Fallow land other than current fallow

--

--

3

1

(a)

1

1

Net area sown

148

135

129

133

133

145

147

Net area sown as percent to total area

89

81

77

80

80

86

87

Area sown more than once

71

103

124

125

121

132

140

Total cropped area

219

238

253

258

257

277

287

(Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, 1983, 1988 and 1993 to 1997)

(a) Below 500 hectares

 

 

 

 

Irrigation Facilities

 

            Area Irrigated by different Source of Irrigation: - In Kapurthala District tubewells are the main source of irrigation. In 1982-83, the net area irrigated was 131.5 thousand hectares which increase to 147 thousand hectares in 1996-97.Out of 147.2 thousand hectares of total net area irrigated 125.3 thousand hectares was irrigated by tubewells alone. The percentage of the net area irrigated to net area sown was 8839 in 1982-83 which increased to 100 in 1996-97. The net area irrigated by different source of irrigation in the district for the years 1982-83, 1987-88 and 1992-93 to 1996-97 are given below: -

 

Years

Net area irrigated by

Percentage of net area irrigated to net area sown

 

Government Canals

Tubewells and wells

Other Sources

Total

1

2

3

4

5

6

1982-83

2.0

129.5

--

131.5

88.9

1987-88

1.4

128.4

--

129.8

96.1

1992-93

1.0

127.7

--

128.7

99.8

1993-94

0.7

132.7

--

133.4

100.0

1994-95

3.0

120.0

--

123.0

99.2

1995-96

13.0

140.0

--

153.0

98.6

1996-97

22.0

125.2

--

147.2

100.0

(Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, 1983, 1988 and 1993 to 1997)

 

Canals – The area irrigated by Bist Doab Canal in the district during 1982-83, 1987-88 and 1992-93 to 1996-97 is given below: -

 

Year

Area irrigated (in hectares)

1982-83

4,828

1987-88

5,016

1992-93

4,727

1993-94

4,271

1994-95

3,962

1995-96

4,019

1996-97

4,066

(Source: Executive Engineer, Bist Doab Division, Jalandhar.)

Major and Subsidiary Crops

 

            Wheat and rice are the principal food crops sown in the Kapurthala District. The other crops grown in the district include maize, sugarcane and oil-seeds.

           

            The area under different crops, their total production in the district during 1982-83, 1987-88 and 1992-93 to 1996-97 are given in the following statements: -

 

Area under Different Crops                          (Thousand Hectares)

Crops

 

1982-83

1987-88

1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

1995-96

1996-97

1

 

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

 

Cereals

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rice

 

86

86

97

102

101

102

95

Maize

 

5

5

6

6

5

5

4

Wheat

 

109

109

113

118

113

116

104

 

Pulses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mash

 

0.04

0.04

(a)

(a)

(a)

0.1

0.1

Arhar

 

0.1

0.1

(a)

(a)

0.1

0.1

(a)

Mung

 

0.18

0.18

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.3

Massar

 

0.07

0.07

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a)

 

Oil-Seeds

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Groundnut

 

3.1

3.1

0.8

0.3

0.3

0.2

(a)

Rapeseed and

Mustard

2

2

0.9

0.5

1.0

2.3

3.6

Sesamun

 

0.2

0.2

1.4

1.0

0.5

1.3

0.5

Sunflower

 

--

--

--

2.6

2.7

5

10

Linseed

 

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a)

--

Other Crops

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sugarcane

 

2.6

2.6

3.9

2.2

3.0

12.6

7.1

Potato

 

2.2

2.2

3.2

0.6

4.4

5.3

2.1

Cotton (Desi)

0.2

0.2

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a)

(Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, 1983, 1988 and 1993 to 1997)

 

(a) Less than 50 Hectares

Production of Different Crops                       (Thousand metric Tones)

Crops

 

1982-83

1987-88

1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

1995-96

1996-97

1

 

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

 

Cereals

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rice

 

204

268

296

329

322

269

290

Maize

 

18

6

13

15

11

11

10

Wheat

 

267

395

438

463

467

442

439

 

Pulses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mash

 

0.1

--

--

--

--

(b)

--

Arhar

 

--

0.1

--

--

0.1

--

--

Mung

 

--

0.1

--

--

0.1

0.1

0.3

Massar

 

--

0.1

--

--

--

--

--

Oil-Seeds

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Groundnut

 

7

2

--

--

--

--

--

Rapeseed and

Mustard

--

2

0.9

0.6

1.2

2.6

2.7

Sesamun

 

--

0.1

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.5

0.2

Sunflower

 

--

--

--

4.2

3.5

8

16.0

Linseed

 

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

Other Crops

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sugarcane

 

25

16

28

15

17

73

41

Potato

 

16

44

68.3

10.7

84

95.9

30.7

Cotton (Desi)

0.21

--

0.11

--

--

--

--

(Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, 1983, 1988 and 1993 to 1997)

 

(b) Less than 50 Metric Tonnes

 

High yielding Varieties

            Since 1965 high yielding varieties of seeds have been in use. These seeds are the principal cause behind increasing agricultural production. High yielding varieties of seeds especially relating to the wheat, bajra, rice and maize have been evolved. National Seed Corporation has been set up for more production and proper distribution of these seeds. The high yielding varieties of different crops sown in the district in the given below: -

 

 

 

 

 

 

Name of the Crop

Variety

Rice

PR 108, PR 110, PR 111, IR 8 Jaya, Pusa 44, Basmati 379, Basmati 386

Wheat

PBW 343, WH 542, PBW 154, PDW 233, PBW 34, PBW 373, Raj 3765 PBW 138, TL 1210, PBW 299, PBW 175

Maize

Partap, Sartaj, Navjot, Prabhat, Paras, Kanchan, kesri, PUNJAB SATHI No. 1

(Source: - Chief Agricultural Officer, Kapurthala.)

 

Fruit Crops

            Citrus (Fruits Kinnow, Orange, Malta and Lemon). Mangoes, pear and guava are the important fruit crops in the District. The area under different fruit crop in the district has been increased from 1,198 hectares in 1987-88 to 2,405 hectares in 1996-97. The area ender different fruit crops in Kapurthala District during the years 1987-88,and 1992-93 to 1996-97 is given below: -

 

Serial No.

Name of Fruit Crop

1987-88

1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

1995-96

1996-97

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

Kinnow

446

742

744

752

753

753

2

Orange and Malta

18

125

128

130

131

131

3

Lemon

29

35

35

35

35

52

4

Mangoes

113

273

325

361

397

407

5

Lichi

6

11

18

20

20

20

6

Guava

164

216

148

256

281

305

7

Pear

309

419

431

433

440

441

8

Peach

74

167

174

181

189

194

9

Plum

2

2

2

2

2

2

10

Grapes

17

23

25

26

27

31

11

Ber

8

14

20

23

28

31

12

Misc.

12

26

27

30

33

38

13

Total

1,198

2,053

2,077

2,249

2,336

2,405

(Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, 1983, 1988 and 1993 to 1997)

 

Co-operation

            Co-operative Farming Society: - Co-operative farming is a system under which small farmers pool their holdings and form a society to achieve the economics of large scale farming. However, the members retain the ownership of their holdings. The number of co-operative farming societies functioning in the district during 19987-88 and 1992-93 to 1996-97 is given below:-

 

Year

Number of the co-operative farming societies

1982-83

64

1987-88

64

1992-93

46

1993-94

28

1994-95

26

1995-96

26

1996-97

26

(Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, 1983, 1988 and 1993 to 1997)

 

Fertilizer and Manures

            Chemical Fertilizers: - The fertilizers play an important role to increase the productivity of agriculture. The consumption of chemical fertilizers in the district has remained almost constant since 1982-83.

                        The table given below shows the use of fertilizers in the district during 1982-83, 1987-88 and 1992-93 to 1996-97: -

 

 

Year

Fertilizers (Nutrient Tones)

Nitrogenous

(N)

Phosphatic

(P2O5)

Potassic

(K2O)

Total

(NPK)

1982-83

31

10

2

43

1987-88

35

14

1

50

1992-93

31

9

1

41

1993-94

33

9

--

42

1994-95

36

8

2

46

1995-96

32

7

1

40

1996-97

35

7

1

43

(Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, 1983, 1988 and 1993 to 1997)

 

Manures – Manures play an important role in improving the agricultural production. Rural compost and cattle-dung manure (farmyard manure), green manure and town compost are the main local manorial resources. The quantity of rural compost and town compost prepared and area under green manuring in the Kapurthala District, during 1987-88 and 1992-93 to 1996-97 is given below : -

 

 

Year

Rural Compost (Lakh metric Tonnes)

Town Compost

(Metric Tonnes)

Area Under green manuring

( Thousand hectares)

1

2

3

4

1987-88

16.20

2,099

19.08

1992-93

30.80

164

30.00

1993-94

37.70

136

24.80

1994-95

35.80

243

21.50

1995-96

23.50

136

22.00

1996-97

8.60

133

14.00

(Source: Field Manure-cum-Town Compost Officer, Punjab, S.A.S. Nagar)

 

Livestock

            Animal Husbandry: - Livestock occupies a pivotal position in the life of the people especially in rural areas. It is still being used as a source of draught power in agricultural operations and transportation. Livestock provides essential food of animal origin like milk, meat, eggs, better nourishment besides, wool, manure, fuel skin, hides and bone meal. Livestock keeping alongwith marketing services, manufacture of livestock products, inputs and other subsidiary and supporting industries offer a great scope of gainful employment to the expanding labour force, small and marginal farmers and agricultural labourers and thus helps raising standard of living of rural population especially of weaker sections of society.

            The number of livestock in Kapurthala District in the 1977 and 1990 Livestock Census is given below: -

(In thousands)

Particular

1977

1990

Cattle

104..2

92.7

Buffaloes

157.9

161.5

Horses and Ponies

1.7

0.3

Donkeys

0.5

0.1

Mules

0.1

@

Sheep

2.0

0.6

Goats

13.7

5.7

Camels

@

@

Pigs

1.4

0.2

Others

--

--

Total

317.5

261.1

Poultry

117.6

330.1

(Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, 1986 and 1996)

 

@ Less than 50

 

Fisheries

            At the District level the affairs of the Fisheries Department are looked after by the Assistant Director, Fisheries, Kapurthala. The district has also been brought under the Fish Farmer's Development Agency (FFDA) since 1990-91. The FFDA provides timely subsidy and technical know how to the farmers to undertake fishers activities. It also renders assistance to the farmers in getting credit from financial institutions.

            The fisheries resources in the district include village ponds, canals, drains, rivers and reservoirs. The Department has set up one Fish Seed Farm at Shikargarh in the district. The income from supply of fish seed (fingerlings) to the farmers and area under fisheries in the district during 1992-93 to 1996-97 are given below:

 

Year

Income from sale of fish Seed (Rs.)

Area under fisheries (Hectares)

1992-93

1,87,000

142.80

1993-94

1,97,900

182.70

1994-95

2,29,535

231.00

1995-96

2,12,375

316.00

1996-97

1,89,070

199.00

(Source: Assistant Director, Fishers, Kapurthala)

 

Forests

            The area under forests in the district during 1996-97 was 1,883.3 Hectares which come to about 1.1 percent of its total area. The area under forest in the district includes plantation along rail, road and canal strips. The area under control of the Forest Department under different categories in the Kapurthala District, during 1996-97 was as under:

 

Particulars

Area

(Hectares)

(A)

Protected Forests

 

 

(i)

Demarcated Protected Forests

299.14

 

(ii)

Undemarcated Protected

--

 

(iii)

Canal Strips

440.00

 

(iv)

Road Strips

420.00

 

(v)

Rail Strips

207.00

(B)

(vi)

Forest under section 38 of Indian Forest Act, 1927

--

(C)

 

Unclassified Forests

516.76

 

 

 

1,883.30

(Source: Divisional Forest Officer, Jalandhar Forest Division, Phillaur)


Forest Produce- The annual income from the sale of forest produce in the district during the years 1982-83, 1987-88 and 1992-93 to 1996-97 are given as under:

 

Year

Major product

(Rs)

Minor Product

(Rs)

1982-83

58,145.00

7,895.00

1987-88

13,850.00

--

1992-93

48,991.00

7,600.00

1993-94

8,29,058.00

8,350.00

1994-95

3,06,040.00

11,900.00

1995-96

3,72,500.00

19,160.00

1996-97

20,900.00

29,800

 

16,69,484.00

84,705.00

(Source: Divisional Forest Officer, Jalandhar Forest Division, Phillaur)

 

Floods

            Damage caused to crops, houses and human lives lost by heavy rains and floods in the Kapurthala District during 1982-83, 1987-88 and 1992-93 to 1996-97 are given below :

 

Year

No. of villages/ towns affected

Area affected (sq.Km.)

Human lives lost

(No.)

Damage caused to area under crops (hectares)

Value of crops damaged ('000)

Private house damaged (Number)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1982-83

--

--

--

--

--

--

1987-88

--

--

--

--

--

--

1992-93

149

7

3

6,960

--

1,944

1993-94

418

615

13

25,097

--

7,827

1994-95

401

343

11

34,366

1,50,467

4,162

1995-96

41

343

--

--

--

--

1996-97

--

--

1

--

--

135

(Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, 1983, 1988 and 1992 to 1997)

CHAPTER V

 

INDUSTRIES

 

            The progress of Industrial development has been maintained in the Kapurthala District even after the Independence. The district occupies a respectable position on the industrial units are concentrated in the towns of Phagwara and Kapurthala. With the establishment of Rail Coach Factory at Kapurthala in 1987 another feather has been added to the district.  the number of the registered working factories under each category and workers employed therein, in the district for the year 1996 is given below:

 

Serial No.

Name of the Factory

Number of the Factories

Number of the Workers

1.

Manufacture of Food Products

104

3,286

2.

Manufacture of Beverage, Tobacco and Related Products

1

3,028

3.

Manufacture of Cotton Textile

3

4,042

4.

Manufacture of Wood and Wood Product

55

353

5.

Manufacture of paper and paper products

13

117

6.

Manufacture of Leather and Fur products

4

155

7.

Manufacture of Chemical and Chemical Products

8

435

8.

Manufacture  of Rubber and Plastic products

6

214

9.

Manufacture of Non-Metallic mineral products

12

466

10.

Manufacture of Metal and Alloy Products

13

221

11.

Manufacture of Metal Products

13

217

12.

Manufacture of Machinery and Machine Tools and Manufacture of Electrical Machines

119

1,887

13.

Manufacture of Transport Equipments Parts

30

461

14.

Other Manufacturing Industries

4

56

15.

Storage and Ware Housing

2

44

16.

Personal Services

1

25

17.

Repair Sevices

3

187

18.

Electricity

5

135

 

TOTAL

396

15,329

 (Source : Labour Commissioner, Punjab)

 

Large and Medium Scale-Industries - There were 7 industries scale Sector in the district in the large and medium scale sector during 1982-83, which rose to 9 during 1996-97. The detail of these units is given below:

Serial No.

Name of the Factory

Year of Starting

Numbers of the workers

Products

1.

Oswal Agro Mills Pvt. Ltd. ( Sugar Division) Phagwara.

1933

585

Sugar

2.

Markfed Refined Oil and Allied Industries, Kapurthala

1976

138

Refined Groundnut Oil, Mustard Oil, Rice- Bran Oil and Cattle Feed

3.

Sukjit Starch and Chemicals Ltd., Phagwara

1944

603

Maize, Starch Liquid, Glucose and Dextrose Monohydrate

4.

Jagatjit Industries Ltd., Jagatjit Nagar, (Phagwara)

1945

3,789

Portable Liquor, Carbon Dioxide, Malted milk Food and  Malt Extraction

5.

J.C.T. Ltd., Phagwara

1951

6,354

Yarn, Waste Yarn and Cloth

6.

Jain Solvex and Export Industries, Kapurthala

1980

29

Rice-Bran oil and Deoiled Rice-Bran

7.

Rail Coach Factory, Hussainpur (Kapurthala)

1988

6,980

Railway Coaches

8.

Anand Aggarwal Oil Pvt. Ltd., (Unit-I) Village Sheikhpur,

 (Tehsil Kapurthala)

1978

41

Edible Oils and Non-edible Oils Solvex Oil Extraction and Rice-Bran Oil

9.

Anand Aggarwal Oil Pvt. Ltd., (Unit-II) Village Dhaudianwala,

 (Tehsil Kapurthala)

1980

35

Dehydration of Non-edible Oils

(Director of Industries and Commerce, Punjab, Chandigarh)

 

            There